The Audubon Society decision was a seminal step toward the protection of Mono Lake, but only the first step – and an uncertain one at best. It required the Water Board to consider Mono’s public trust values before adjudicating new permits, but without specifying how to balance the competing interests at stake. Moreover, it was not the only means by which advocates fought to protect the area. Policy proposals and new litigation added force to the court’s command that the state take its obligation to protect the Mono Basin environment seriously. This chapter addresses the legal, legislative, and political aftermath of Audubon Society. It reviews the creation of the Mono Basin National Forest Scenic Area and traces the complex CalTrout litigation to protect the Mono Basin creeks. It recounts how the Water Board ultimately implemented all Basin litigation in Decision 1631, the historic legal moment that ensured more water for Mono Lake. Finally, it addresses the brave choices Los Angeles made in response – water conservation decisions that changed the direction of Mono Basin recovery. The chapter closes with an update on the ongoing efforts to protect the Mono Basin and Owens Valley.

Despite debates on the revolutionary impact of such concepts as blitzkrieg, modern land warfare has had a strong evolutionary dynamic. This chapter argues that modern tactics emerged during the First World War as a result of the need to cope with significant increases in firepower. Further, building on theories developed during the inter-war period, the concept of operational art emerged in practice during the Second World War as a means of connecting tactics to strategy. Modern system tactics and operational art remain at the heart of modern land warfare, although the latter, especially in terms of the idea of a distinct operational level of warfare, remains controversial.

The British government established two hospitals in Turkey, in Smyrna and Renkioi. Civilian, rather than army doctors directed the hospitals and the nursing. The doctors ran the hospitals on the model of the civilian hospitals they had worked in at home. Two secular ladies, Henrietta LeMesurier at Smyrna and Maria Parkes at Renkioi, neither of whom had any experience in clinical nursing, became outstanding lady superintendents. Both did extremely well, with a good deal less firing of nurses compared to Nightingale and her lady superintendents. The Smyrna hospital was housed in a dilapidated building very similar to the Barrack Hospital but the Renkioi hospital was purpose-built, designed by Isambard Brunel, and incorporated all the latest features that the sanitarians demanded. In the Renkioi hospital, with the exception of Lady Superintendent Maria Parkes who was the sister of the director of the hospital, the lady nurses were paid. Ladies were no longer volunteering unless they were paid, a major shift in the Victorian concept of the domestic sphere. At the same time the doctors’ belief in women’s mission impeded innovation in nursing in these hospitals.

This chapter challenges the notion that Ratcliffe Highway was overrun with an anarchic lawlessness. The fear that foreign sailors had introduced a dangerous knife culture into port cities had, by the late nineteenth century, fed into a wider anxiety about race in Britain. By the 1880s, there was an increasing acceptance of scientific racism in wider society and a perception that ‘Englishness’ was being eroded by alien settlers with their own languages, customs, and religions. This final chapter demonstrates that despite the sensational press stoking fears of knife-wielding foreign sailors, there were relatively few serious acts of violence that went before the Old Bailey during this period. Indeed, it is argued that sailortown’s important role as a contact zone often mitigated against extreme incidents of violence as male aggression was relatively self-regulated through recognised fighting customs. British and foreign sailors proved adept in recognising the different customs of upholding masculinity in densely populated working-class districts and, in some cases, aligned themselves with the local working-class population in opposing the police.

Chapter 9, by Sebastian Harnisch, discusses the policy learning approach. Learning is a change of beliefs or a development of new beliefs, skills, or procedures as a result of the observation and interpretation of experience. Policy learning has been long recognized as a central mechanism of change in public policy and it has been employed in various research approaches, such as advocacy coalition, theories of institutional change, policy diffusion, and transfer or epistemic communities. Thus far, however, its broad application has not resulted in any (substantial) additional analytical purchase because respective sub-disciplines have not communicated with and built upon each other. The chapter offers a systematic review of the extant public policy literature and discusses the competitive application of several learning approaches to the case of Soviet Union foreign policy learning under Gorbachev. In lieu of a result, it identifies three areas of common interest to Public Policy and FPA, i.e., the historicity and cross-fertilization of domestic and foreign policy experience, the temporal pattern of specific learning episodes and the variant patterns of sociality, including international institutions as teachers/facilitators of learning, for a future dialogue.

One of the most prominent features of Spanish cinema since the end of the dictatorship in 1975 has been its obsessive concern with the past. This forms part of a wider preoccupation in Spain with recuperating the past. This chapter provides a brief overview of the relationship between history, cinema and the mitología franquista (Francoist mythology) during the dictatorship. It examines some of the major trends and developments in this very broad grouping of films in post-Franco cinema. The chapter seeks to identify some of the complex features underlying the relationships between the present and the past in contemporary Spanish culture, their articulation through the medium of film and the interpretative and representational issues these interactions raise. Throughout the history of Spanish cinema, the rural genre has provided a focus for images of Spanish national identity for internal and external consumption.

Niketas Stethaos (c. 1005–c. 1065) was a monastic leader who was keen to manage the erotic energies of his novices. He encouraged monks at the Stoudios Monastery to exchange one salty fluid for another, to abandon semen for tears. Ejaculation offers fleeting and shameful pleasure, but tears of compunction acquire an emotional intensity that becomes orgasmic, gushing, and perpetual. Bodily repentance becomes an erotic act of its own.

This chapter situates trans autobiography in the history of American gay autobiography. I trace an incomplete lineage of popular United States transgender autobiographies from Christine Jorgensen to Janet Mock – a roughly seventy-year chronology. Referring to autobiographies both canonical and lesser-known, I document trends in trans self-narration, consider the ways in which trans autobiographers variably give accounts of what it means to be or to have a gender, and suggest the ways in which the genre of trans autobiography, though calcified around specific notions of medico-juridical legibility, might in fact move beyond the inherently and paradoxically restrictive genre restrictions that seem to inhere in its production. Trans gender autobiography emerged from, I argue, both the medical imperative for narrative accounts of transness and autobiographers’ desires to serve as sources of helpful and hopeful information for trans and non-trans people alike.

Carbonaceous (CC) and noncarbonaceous (NC) materials have nonoverlapping isotopic compositional ranges. The CC groups include all carbonaceous chondrites, Eagle Station pallasites, and several groups of iron meteorites (IIC, IID, IIF, IIIF, IVB); they likely formed in the Outer Solar System. The NC groups include ordinary, enstatite and R chondrites, Howardites-Eucrites-Diogenites (HEDs), ureilites, angrites, lunar meteorites, martian meteorites, main-group pallasites, the Earth, and the remaining iron groups (IAB, IC, IIAB, IIE, IIIAB, IIIE, IVA); they probably formed in the Inner Solar System. Proto-Jupiter may have accreted rapidly and functioned as a barrier, hindering the radial drift of carbonaceous-chondrite-related materials toward the Inner Solar System, preserving the isotopic dichotomy.

India was a poor and unequal country in 1947. Much of its labour force was in low-productivity agriculture, but it had a significant, if small, industrial sector. A plausible trajectory going forward was that rapid industrial growth would draw labour into higher-productivity areas, reducing poverty and inequality. But India went down a different path, beginning with an emphasis on heavy industry. This increased the economy’s productive capacity, but did not generate enough jobs to dent poverty and inequality. Over-regulation and neglect of exports contributed to slow growth until 1980, though agricultural productivity rose with the introduction of new high-yielding varieties of crops in some areas. After 1980, and especially after 1991, policies became more friendly to markets and business and India grew rapidly, led by growth in the services sector. This, however, did not create jobs at the same rate, because the growth was skill- and capital-intensive. Poverty fell substantially, but inequality spiked, and job creation remains a big concern.

This chapter examines Jonson’s Sejanus as exemplifying the tension generally distinguishing Renaissance English tragedies on Roman subjects: that between the accurate dramatic reconstruction of history and the building up of decorous stateliness and didacticism. Arguments from Roman history intensified the imperatives of historiography along with those of instruction and grandeur, and these imperatives tended to come into conflict. Three features Jonson and other dramatists imagined as characteristic of the Roman mind include a pronounced sense of national identity and history, a preoccupation with forms and processes of government, and a reliance on Stoic moral philosophy. The chapter also touches on Shakespeare’s Roman tragedies, Lodge’s Wounds of Civil War, Massinger’s Roman Actor, and the anonymous Statelie Tragedie of Claudius Tiberius Nero.