In the USSR, concerns about security in relation to the economy were institutionalised. With the partial exception of the final years under Mikhail Gorbachev, it was accepted as normal that security considerations exerted a strong influence on economic policy and on the public presentation of the economy, in terms of statistics, to both Soviet citizens and the outside world. With the end of communist rule and the planned economy in Russia at the end of 1991, the institutionalised regime of economic security, already weakened by the Gorbachev reforms, effectively collapsed. This chapter contextualises the securitisation debate in relation to the economy, focusing on the question: Is the economic policy of contemporary Russia being securitised? It also examines the renewed interest in economic security under Vladimir Putin; looks at the scandal involving Aleksei Pichugin, head of the department of internal economic security of the Yukos oil company; discusses the ‘securitisation’ of Russia's military economy; and comments on the rise and fall of ‘economic security’ in the country.

Pre-war cinema management manuals were adamant that publicising a cinema was one of the most important – and challenging – jobs that an exhibitor had. Using The Stars Look Down (1940) as a case study, this chapter shows how promotional activities were made all the more difficult by wartime limitations that restricted advertising. Legislation that effectively brought about paper rationing not only imposed a maximum size on posters, but also restricted the number that could be produced, controlled where they could be posted and prohibited the publication of information – such as place names – that might conceivably aid the enemy. As more established forms of publicity were curtailed, there were concerns that cinemas would become less visible within the urban environment, a concern made all the more pressing by the lack of exterior lighting and regulations that limited expenditure on maintenance. The chapter explores the place of showmanship in wartime, both in terms of advertising individual films and programmes, and also the promotion of the cinema as a site of experiential pleasure.

This chapter considers the social and private worlds of the foreign staff. As the experiences of the foreign Customs staff demonstrate, colonial societies were crosshatched with complex hierarchies based on race, class and nationality. As an organ of the Chinese state whose existence rested on the rationale that foreigners possessed the superior ‘character’ necessary to lead China into a new age of progress, the Customs was especially concerned with scandal. This chapter explores the ways in which the Customs monitored the domestic, social and sexual lives of its foreign employees. It argues that anxieties about reputation reveal the fragility of colonial power formations. It provides a corrective to nostalgic portrayals of the empire world as an arena of unbounded social and sexual opportunity for European men. In reality, the empire of opportunity was bounded by a series of institutional, ideological and socioeconomic constraints.

In November 1880 the Reverend Charles Thompson arrived at Kherwara, a small town in the hilly tracts of Mewar State in Rajasthan. He had come there to establish the first Anglican mission to the Bhils, a 'primitive tribe' that inhabited this region of India. There is a certain teleology that suggests that the modernity of the Christian missionary was a retrogressive and relatively transient form of this historical process, for modernity was associated above all with the 'transition from a religious to a secular culture'. From Max Weber onwards, sociologists have declared that secularism is the inevitable outcome of the process set in motion by the Enlightenment and its accompanying revolutions. The 'rule of colonial difference' was imposed in its most blatant form in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, coinciding with both the consolidation of Social Darwinist theory and missionary activity.

This chapter pursues dual aims of elucidating the Customs’s recruitment procedures and exploring the socioeconomic factors that influenced decisions to relocate overseas. Despite the enduring caricature of the upper-class Englishman as the quintessential colonist, the socioeconomic profile of Customs employees presented in this chapter demonstrates the diverse range of people for whom the empire world spoke of opportunity. Furthermore, this chapter shows how global networks of patronage, family, education and employment propelled the international migrations of employees of colonial institutions. This chapter finds that expatriates were not primarily motivated to seek work overseas because of a single-minded commitment to imperialism; rather, family links to empire, previous employment in the empire world, a desire for adventure and, importantly, the prospect of a reliable career were more significant factors.

Britain's Chief Rabbis were attempting to respond to the new religious climate, and deployed a variety of tactics to achieve their aims. To bring this more sharply into focus this chapter concentrates on the unique context of English Jewry. Rabbis could no longer expect automatic obedience; indeed, the bans they imposed upon the leaders of the Jewish Enlightenment, the maskilim, were ignored. In the view of historians, such as Todd M. Endelman, J. Frankel and S. J. Zipperstein, the source of the changes can be found in socio-economic developments, which might be grouped together under the term 'modernisation'. In the pre-modern era, and for a while after, rabbis saw themselves and were seen as the heirs of the rabbinic tradition, whose role first and foremost was to rule on matters of religious law.

Schools were only one part of communal life that suffered after bombing. Although the experience of bombing was localised, charitable giving was broader. This chapter discusses the consequences of bombing played out in children's lives: local disruptions, being bombed out, becoming a refugee or being evacuated. In the oral narratives, memories of evacuation were vividly linked to bombing. People became refugees during the war for a variety of reasons, and a great deal has been written on the refugees of the 1940 civilian exodus. Changes in status as a result of bombing becoming a sinistré, refugee or evacuee had far-reaching consequences in some children's lives, affecting their education and economic situation, and introducing them to different faces of human nature. Air raids were idiographic events experienced by separate subjectivities. The shared peril held inside it a shared set of fears; it also engendered a shared set of responses.