In 1925 a British doctor, Frank Read, took charge at Lusadiya. Anyone who wanted to be admitted had to bring their own bed or sleep on the floor. Only after Dr Read had arrived was the mission able to make good this deficiency, as he had some funds that had been donated by supporters in Carlisle, and he used these to purchase iron beds. The Medical Missionary Association in London had given Read equipment for an operating theatre, which included surgical instruments, an operating table and a microscope. L. B. Butcher decided that Read should be transferred to another, larger medical mission where he could gain experience from the other doctors. In a letter to London of August 1932, Butcher wrote that although the mission would like a doctor from England to replace Read, the need was not urgent given the financial situation at that time.

This chapter demonstrates the existence of a foundational departmental dynamic within all the international bureaucracies studied, both with respect to contact, co-ordination and conflict patterns and to the identity and role perceptions among the personnel. It provides a short review of studies on international bureaucracy that focus on the departmental behavioural dynamic. The chapter also provides data from this study on the departmental behavioural dynamics inside the Commission, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Secretariat and the World Trade Organization (WTO) Secretariat. It compares the departmental dynamics in the Commission, the OECD Secretariat and the WTO Secretariat. The chapter observes strong perceptional effects of the horizontal specialisation of international bureaucracies. This effect is most clearly seen in the Commission between the General Secretariat (GS) and Directorate-General (DG) Trade.

This chapter offers a specific set of distinctions made in the debates about political art in the 1980s and 1990s. These distinctions are made by observing a constellation of anthologies, symposia, and exhibitions as a backdrop to understand the curatorial agenda and reception of the 1993 Whitney Biennial for American Art. They are also made by observing the constellation of anthologies, symposia, and exhibitions as a comprehensive examination of the exhibition contributions of Daniel Joseph Martinez, Andrea Fraser, and Lorna Simpson. The 1993 Biennial provides an ideal case study to examine the representation of socio-political issues in art, as it consolidated perspectives on two key terms for the later part of the twentieth century. They are identity politics and multiculturalism. By redefining difference, Thelma Golden continued, the artworks in the exhibition moved beyond essentialist definitions of identity.

This chapter explores discussions between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples engaged in public debates about the history of colonisation in settler-colonial societies. It explains the strategies used by indigenous peoples to challenge the foundational settler histories that pervade popular understandings of history. The chapter discusses the forms of representation-engagement they employ and, more specifically, the narrative strategies they use through an overview of work the authors have carried out in rural Canada and Australia. The chapter examines public discourse in rural settings in Canada and Australia by selecting two sites: the forestry city of Williams Lake in the central interior of British Columbia; and the mining city of Mount Isa in north-western Queensland. Both are sites in which Aboriginal rights are being actively asserted and publicly debated. Frontier histories dominate public consciousness in both Canada and Australia, and undoubtedly other settler-colonial societies as well.

A visitor to Canberra would have a difficult time avoiding the Australian War Memorial. This chapter begins by sketching the origins of the Australian War Memorial and its collections during the First World War. It describes the ways in which the balance of objects displayed in the museum became less overtly martial, less narrative and more commemorative in character in the period 1917–41. The chapter focuses on the role of Australia's official war correspondent, official war historian and national war museum progenitor, C. E. W. Bean through his involvement in the selection of exhibits for the Memorial. It also focuses on his extensive editorial control over the creation of artistic representations of warfare for public display. The chapter explores two sculpted scenes of different elements of the Australian war experience: the Mont St Quentin diorama and the Pozieres diorama.

This chapter deals with an inland rather than a coastal province, and looks at the complexities of relations between the foreign and Chinese communities in a region of this province. It explores the ambiguities of the intense 'anti-foreignism' that led the south-western province of Sichuan to experience the highest incidence of attacks on Westerners and Chinese Christians in all of China. Sichuan during the Qing was a province of Chinese outsiders. The threat that Chinese Christians posed to the economic structure was most visible in Dazu and Chongqing. Some of unknown people, rootless and itinerant, single and unemployed, joined the organised networks of brotherhood societies that challenged the traditional, cultural, economic and political structures. Such challenges would culminate ultimately in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty as the Manchu rulers themselves came to be viewed as foreign outsiders.

The distance and difficulty of transmission, as well as the prohibitive costs involved in collection, had traditionally regulated news of the Indian empire. In terms of the transmission of information and ideas, the crucial breakthrough was the establishment of electric telegraph links between metropolis and periphery. In general, the expense of the telegraphic connection curtailed its press use to the largest of the metropolitan dailies. The Empire Press Union (EPU) worked to facilitate access to official and parliamentary news for overseas journalists and lobbied vigorously to reduce press costs. Reuters was the main telegraph news agency within India. Founded in London in 1851 by Julius Reuter, Reuters rapidly became the leading international news agency. Reuters drew the greater part of its revenue from commercial intelligence and business telegrams, which in turn financed its path-breaking ventures in news reporting and provided the basis of the agency's prestige.

This chapter examines two commemorative festivals in which Garment Workers' Union, a trade union based in the South African industrial land, Witwatersrand, members were invited to participate. First one is the 1938 centenary festival which commemorated the movement of farmers from the coastal plains to the highveld, cast as an odyssey of the pre-ordained founding of the 'Afrikaner nation' and labelled the 'Great Trek'. The second one is the 1952 tercentenary festival which transformed the 1652 arrival at the Cape of Jan van Riebeeck, a commander of the Dutch East India Company. Van Riebeeck came with the task of setting up a revictualling station, into the originating moment of European settlement and South African history. The chapter focuses on the latter occasion, in which the 'white race' was conceived of as the exclusive and inclusive South African nation and Van Riebeeck proclaimed as the initiator of the policy of apartheid.

This chapter is concerned largely with detailed description and comparative analysis of specific manuscripts and early printed books. It begins from the contents of one manuscript housed in the National Library of Wales (NLW), Peniarth 394D, which contains two practical treatises, the Grosseteste and The Boke of Kervyng. The chapter focuses particularly on the Robert Grosseteste treatise and on John Fitzherbert's printed Book of Husbandry. It also focuses on the contents and literary styles of these treatises with particular reference to the Grosseteste and the Fitzherbert. This focus is to see how these aspects provide more evidence for how practical texts may have been used and read, and by whom. The chapter suggests that Fitzherbert's use of a proverbial style (employing Latin and English) signals this text's subscription to an intentionally popular form of literature.

Introduces the author's father and his diaries. Provides background to the social and cultural climate of the interwar years. Explains contemporary ideas of masculinity, the advent of 'adolescence', employment and spending power, fears around effeminacy, and leisure pursuits. Outlines chapters to follow.

The most striking change in Empire aviation in the mid-1930s was not flagged by a more dense or extended route map or just by the imprimatur of flying the Royal Air Mail pennant on Imperial's aircraft. Thrust by engines that could propel aeroplanes toward a top speed of 200mph, the proposed new Empire flying schedule was two days to India, four to the Cape and to Singapore, and seven days to Australia. The intention was to operate four-a-week services to India, three to Singapore and East Africa, and two each to South Africa and Australia. In East Africa serious political challenges to the Empire Air Mail Scheme (EAMS) arose over the proposed realignment of the Empire air trunk route away from the continental interior. South Africa's nationalistic air minister Oswald Pirow used the proposed flying boat service to express displeasure with Imperial generally.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book develops the theme of the franco-phone contextualisation of Peau noire by concentrating on the specifically Martinican references in the text which have either been effaced or distorted in subsequent representations of Frantz Fanon. It situates Peau noire in the context of racism in metropolitan France. The book focuses specifically on the relationship between anti-Semitism and anti-Black racism. It discusses Fanon's engagement with another of Paul Sartre's texts, 'Orphée noir', which he wrote as introduction to Léopold Senghor's Anthologie de la nouvelle poésie nègre et malgache de langue française. The book also discusses Fanon's engagement with Sartre and the tension between universalism and particularism. It traces Fanon's treatment of unconscious processes informing Negrophobia. The book explores different aspects of Fanon's engagement with Sartre in Peau noire.

This chapter considers the founding of the Australian Museum (AM) in Sydney and, in more detail, the origins and development of the National Museum of Victoria (NMV) in Melbourne and the South Australian Museum (SAuM) in Adelaide. Australian museums were characteristically founded in each colony by a group of bourgeois dilettante scientists, wealthy businessmen and influential professionals. The dramatic mushrooming of the incipient colony, unmatched anywhere else in the British Empire ensured that a whole range of new institutions were brought into being in the course of the 1850s. The status of New South Wales (NSW) as a penal colony ensured that museum development would be delayed until the necessary elite group had formed. The territory that became the colony of Victoria was first settled in the mid-1830s when pastoralists arrived in the Port Phillip region from both NSW and Van Diemen's Land.