By the 1930s, the image of British Empire was already established, hallowed by the popular imperial melodramas of the Victorian theatre, by the paintings of Lady Butler and the heroic engravings of the war artists. This chapter looks at the British and American epics separately in the context of their respective cultures. In the case of Britain, there were some half a dozen films actually set in and dealing with the Empire, as opposed to films detailing imperial attitudes, of which there were considerably more. The Balcon trilogy is interesting because it deals essentially with economic aspects of Empire. This is worth noting because we sometimes get the impression, due to the overwhelming military emphasis of the Hollywood imperial epics that imperial films are about India, the Army and specifically the scarlet and gold heroics of the North-West Frontier.

The end of the war did not bring about the immediate return of the pre-war cinema. Many of the control schemes that were instituted during the conflict were maintained for years after victory was declared, and cinemas damaged by enemy action took many years to receive permission to rebuild. Some never reopened. Unsurprisingly, reconstruction prioritised housing over picture palaces. Summing up the major themes of book, the conclusion suggests that the post-war decline in cinema attendance witnessed throughout the 1950s spoke to the domestication of luxuries associated with the cinema that had, before the war, not been available to Britons in their own homes. With many cinemas in advanced states of decrepitude as a result of wartime events and shortages, and continued post-war neglect, patrons no longer looked to the cinema as a dream palace. However, although the war sowed the seeds of post-war decline, we should be careful to bear in mind the central role that the cinema played in the lives of wartime Britons.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book describes how and why, in Britain, medicine applied to sport became first an area of expertise known as sports medicine, and then a formal medical specialty: Sport and Exercise Medicine. Like most other forms of medicine, sports medicine is interested in both the prevention and the cure of disease, sickness and injury. There is a rich sociological as well as historical literature on the ethics and practice of doping and enhancement. The book also describes athletic bodies as different to normal bodies that enhancement, particularly by drugs, becomes an area of negotiation for new rules and new biomedical categories of control. In a very basic form, the financial consequences of the amateur/ professional divide in British sport have necessarily had some effect on the way sports medicine is practised.

This chapter discusses four organisational variables, specifying conditions under which the officials of international bureaucracies are likely to adopt intergovernmental, supranational, departmental and/or epistemic decision-making dynamics in a more or less routinised way. The first independent variable considered is the core organisational properties of international bureaucracies. The second independent variable considered is the recruitment procedures. The perceptions of officials within international bureaucracies regarding their own decision-making behaviour, roles and identities may be greatly affected by the procedures applied to recruit the staff. The third independent variable considered is the characteristics of the actor relationships that may develop between organisations and within organisations. Both rationalist and cognitive accounts of international organisations 'have been rather silent on the role of domestic factors'. Finally, organisations are composed of actors with demographic characteristics that may guide actors' perceptions of their own behaviour, roles and identities.

This chapter provides a historical reading of the examples of racism in 'metropolitan' France that Frantz Fanon cites and comments upon. Of earlier Antillean francophone poets, Fanon says 'ce sont des Blancs', as they were too fascinated by the mirage of French assimilationism. The chapter analyses the significance of Peau noire for our understanding of the various cultures of colonial racism. As the 1950s progressed, the 'comparativist' themes would gain wider currency, and many of the developments help to throw more light on Peau noire itself, and on Fanon's subsequent political trajectory. Fanon's text served as a powerful counter-discourse to the reassertion of 'colonial republicanism' in post-war France, where the end of the Vichy regime could be invoked in an attempt to legitimate the more 'benign' paternalism of the French Union.

Over the course of several decades, from roughly 1870 until 1900, the British became actively involved in suppressing slave traffic in Egypt and surrounding areas. In 1889, eleven European powers and several others, including the emperor of the Ottomans, signed a British-initiated anti-slavery convention. Through the encounters and exchanges in the course of the anti-slavery campaign, Egyptians, like the British officials stationed among them, recreated identities for themselves understood in terms of both gender and the nation. Through the anti-slavery campaign in Egypt the harem, the women's and children's quarters of the Muslim home, acquired new meaning for British officials. British officials used various strategies to suppress slave traffic by caravan, steamer and Red Sea slave dhow, but they saw one common obstacle to all of their efforts: the harem, and the seclusion and veiling that accompanied it.

This chapter presents a study of relationships between objects and people, and explores the construction of nature and culture in museums. The material culture upon which the disciplines were based could be arranged in an uninterrupted sequence of development that encompassed both nature and culture; the geological eras segued into prehistoric, historic and, finally, contemporary 'savage' cultures. William Boyd Dawkins shaped the collection at the inception of the Manchester Museum through his interest in cave deposits and particularly flints. The prehistorians approached archaeology as a taxonomic and chronological enterprise, using stratigraphical techniques to date and classify artefacts in evolutionary sequences. Roderick Urwick Sayce clarified the disciplinary divisions in the archaeological collections, as prehistoric archaeology was organised and staffed alongside ethnology. The professional identity of archaeological curators was consolidated by the formation of the Society of Museum Archaeologists in 1975, one of a series of specific bodies within the museum profession.

In 1909 a sexual directive was issued to members of the Colonial Service which for the first time laid down a general rule to discourage concubinage, warning of the severe penalties that could be expected. This change of official attitude was one of the few tangible elements differentiating the post-Edwardian empire from what had gone before. Hubert Silberrad was an assistant district commissioner at Nyeri, near Fort Hall in central Kenya. The Times carried several letters commenting on the Silberrad case, together with an editorial on 26 December. In Northern Rhodesia, however, the situation remained unchecked until 1909-10, when the sexual activities of three men attracted attention: C. J. Macnamara, R. L. Harrison and R. A. Osborne. Macnamara, Native Commissioner of Guimbi sub-district in Northwestern Rhodesia, admitted concubinage with an African woman from December 1906 until September 1907.