Chapter 7 examines the function of humor, clowns, and fools within religious systems. The systems under discussion are from India, biblical Israel, Nepal, Europe, and even corporate England. The chapter argues that clowns and fools act as signal generators reflecting the dissonance within the systems and challenging the internal boundaries on which systems depend to maintain order. This humorous disruption enhances the dynamic quality of the systems, permitting its viability over time.

The 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Agreement contained little direct reference to public space, partly because the creation of the Parades Commission had already dealt with one central issue. However, it created a legal and institutional framework within which local authorities were required to address the broader question of shared space. This was the background to a long series of decisions on the flying of flags on official buildings, culminating in the mass loyalist protests of 2012–13. The same process led to the negotiated admission of republican and nationalist events to the city centre, while at the same time the Orange Order found itself struggling to reclaim the legitimacy it had once enjoyed without question.

Chapter 2 explores the rise of the English Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme. This flagship initiative aimed at doing exactly what its titles suggests, and has drawn international acclaim – alongside critique and concern. In attending to its underpinnings, I highlight the managerial and clinical trends IAPT drew from and extended to proliferate therapy at scale. I examine how features of IAPT understood to be novel came to be regarded as vital forms of infrastructure around which other psychological services should be built. I also illustrate how the economic logics that underpinned IAPT initially resulted in particular kinds of therapy being rolled out for certain types of conditions experienced by specific groups; most notably, CBT for anxiety and depression diagnosed in adults of working age. The chapter reflects on the ramifications of IAPT, including in relation to the understandings of the nature of ill-health that result from it.

The concluding chapter summarizes the results and emphasizes the impact of the findings on future heritage language research and studies on bilingualism and language change in general: It stresses the necessity of including grammatical and pragmatic contact phenomena and discusses the importance of the interplay of extralinguistic factors and various types of linguistic developments: acquisition context, impact of schooling and literacy, contact with different registers and speakers. It explains individual processes in heritage language speakers, such as entrenchment processes, co-active activation of languages in the bilingual brain, as well as language awareness and metalinguistic knowledge. In addition, the role of normativity in diaspora communities, the challenge of relic varieties and the role of Standard German as language of schooling are discussed. Moreover, the chapter includes general observations on language maintenance in German heritage communities. It emphasizes the implications for future research: implications for the development of the German language in general, implications for the theory of language contact and implications for heritage language research.

Chapter 2 establishes the fundamentals of sustainability, building from the Brundtland Report’s definition of sustainable development through contemporary frameworks like planetary boundaries and doughnut economics. It introduces the Earth-as-endowment metaphor to illustrate humanity’s relationship with planetary resources and explores the Nordic region’s significant contributions to sustainability thinking and practice. The chapter examines how overconsumption threatens Earth’s regenerative capacity and details Nordic innovations in environmental protection, circular economy, and climate policy. It concludes by addressing the challenge of overcoming sustainability denial, particularly in the United States, while highlighting the Nordic region’s pragmatic approach to environmental challenges. Throughout, the chapter emphasizes systems thinking and the interconnected nature of sustainability challenges, establishing theoretical foundations for examining capitalism’s role in advancing sustainable development.

Olivine and low-Ca pyroxene compositional distributions show a hiatus between H and L, but not between L and LL. Because H, L, and LL chondrites show systematic changes in many characteristics, they must have formed in close proximity. H/L and L/LL chondrites may be anomalous members of one of the major OC groups or representatives of OC bodies of intermediate composition. A few highly reduced OC are either H chondrites that underwent whole-rock reduction or are members of otherwise-unsampled reduced OC bodies. IIE irons likely represent a fourth, reduced OC group. R chondrites resemble OCs but have more matrix material, higher 17O, and are much more oxidized. H, L, and LL chondrites show increasing degrees of oxidation with petrologic type. The bulk chemical and bulk isotopic compositions of OCs show systematic variations among the four principal groups. Metal-silicate fractionation was a nebular process that may have been caused in part by loss of metal from chondrules. OC oxidation state is heterogeneous on global and kilometer-size scales, and homogeneous on meter and smaller size scales. OC bulk O-isotopic composition is heterogeneous on global size scales and homogeneous on km and smaller size scales.

By the late nineteenth century sectarian and political divisions were inscribed on Belfast’s urban landscape. Residential segregation, creating a large Catholic residential district in West Belfast, permitted the growth of a Catholic and nationalist associational culture that would not otherwise have been possible. Key sites – the Custom House, the Ulster Hall, the city centre – acquired a political significance. Attempts by militant Protestants to impose an absolute veto on Catholic access to the city centre were defeated. But events during the Home Rule crisis of 1912–14 showed that Belfast was already on its way to becoming the capital of a potential Protestant and unionist state.

In the final chapter of this handbook, we reflect on the development of sustainability transitions research (STR) by examining its origins, core focus, achievements, critiques, and future directions. Using the metaphor of a tree, we argue that STR has grown from deep roots in various disciplines to develop a broad crown of research branches, all connected by a shared focus on socio-technical change. The field’s rapid expansion brings both opportunities and challenges. While a common language fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, it also risks rigidity and exclusivity, highlighting a tension between cohesion and fragmentation. Additionally, disseminating STR findings into its foundational disciplines and addressing growing political and social responsibilities remain key challenges. STR forms a robust community while requiring ongoing (self-)reflection. Rather than defining its trajectory, we aim to foster dialogue on STR’s evolution, recognizing that, like a tree, research fields need continuous nurturing to remain vital and productive.

In Chapter 1, I demonstrate how professional claims-making operates as a form of boundary work that both configures and is configured by the evolving identity of clinical psychology. The keenness of many in the field to position it as different from psychiatry is illuminated, with the ‘diagnostic’ approach deemed particularly problematic by many leading clinical psychologists. Likewise, I spotlight how some in clinical psychology also labour to differentiate it from other psychological traditions (like counselling psychology and health psychology). This includes through the development of a professional body solely for clinical psychologists: the Association of Clinical Psychologists UK (ACP-UK). Ultimately, these forms of boundary-work help to configure the nature and practices of clinical psychology. Accordingly, they also have implications for the values and perspectives of individual therapists, and the kinds of care that patients are (not) able to access.

Internal migration in India since 1850 was greatly facilitated by the revolutions in transport and communications and led to a widening of labour markets; the growth of large cities, canal colonies, mines and plantations; social and national movements; and the creation of remittance economies. This chapter describes the data and ways in which internal migration is measured and understood in the Indian subcontinent and analyses the migration trends over space and time. It also provides an outline of the broader historiography and research themes on internal migration, including periodization, economic theories of migration, causes and consequences of work-related migration, contractors and migration networks, caste, and nativism and anti-migration rhetoric and policies. A central theme of internal migration in India has been that of ‘circular migration’ and the remarkable persistence of the migration hotspots that developed in the colonial period and continue even today.

As Carol Reed began to make his way in films the British cinema in the 1930s was already characterised. On the one hand, by the rise of the documentary tradition epitomised by Grierson and Cavalcanti and, on the other, by popular genre-based, star-studded films and studio production headed by moghuls like Alexander Korda. Reed's interest in the parent-child relationship, an interminable inquest across all the films into the origins of the self, is remarkable from the outset. Climbing High owed much not only to English stage comedy but also to Hollywood screwball and its British musical or non-musical variants. Reed seemed more in tune with the more conservative tendencies of the British cinema, such as in his war films, but romantic comedy encouraged greater dissidence. Climbing High is of a piece with the work of other inter-war artists, its very title an ironic commentary on social climbing and classless love.