This chapter begins by sketching Déat’s last days in occupied France before fleeing to Germany with the retreating Nazis. It then highlights Déat’s opportunism and his search for intellectual distinction as significant factors in his trajectory and eventual radicalization as a collaborationist fascist fully aligned with Nazism. Déat’s path from democratic socialism to fascism is summarized in terms of the practical logic of his political conversion, with the conclusion that his ultimate conversion to fascism was the culmination of his repeatedly unsuccessful attempts at political reinvention. The chapter ends by reaffirming the fundamentally discontinuous and relational character of political conversion, which is best understood in terms of what Bourdieu calls “trajectory.” Political conversions are not just individual biographical facts, nor are they passive mental processes; they are actively made by political actors within changing political fields.

This chapter examines the legal contestation of language rights within courtroom proceedings, focusing on individuals’ assertions of their right to use a particular language in legal settings. It explores the intersection of legal procedural norms and the politics of language, analysing how these disputes unfold in broader sociopolitical contexts. Two primary types of language rights in legal proceedings are considered: universal language rights, rooted in the right to a fair trial and procedural fairness, and official language rights, derived from legislative recognition of specific languages. While universal language rights are broadly applicable, official language rights depend on jurisdictional policies and historical legacies. Drawing on the interdisciplinary analysis of court judgments and media reports across different jurisdictions, this chapter highlights how official language rights are often unevenly implemented despite their legal recognition. The chapter also demonstrates how language rights are negotiated and contested in legal proceedings, shedding light on the broader implications for multilingual legal orders and the evolving politics of language in legal systems.

This study explores the role of musical salons in nineteenth-century Mexico as dynamic spaces where gender, sociability, and national identity intersected. Salons functioned as transitional domestic arenas where elite women played a central role in music making, shaping both cultural tastes and national sentiment. While largely absent from traditional music histories, these spaces were crucial to the circulation and performance of European and Mexican music, fostering artistic exchange among amateurs and professionals. Through tertulias (soirées), women exercised agency in defining musical and social conventions despite being constrained by patriarchal norms. Drawing on historical accounts, literary sources, and travelers’ testimonies, this work highlights the importance of salons as sites of gendered musical practice, elite cosmopolitanism, and identity formation in post-independence Mexico. It also underscores the need for a revised historiographical approach that integrates women’s contributions to the broader narrative of Latin American music history.

During the campaign for the 2015 Eduskunta elections, the centre right parties, the main employers’ organisation, the Confederation of Finnish Industries (EK), economists, and even the overall public mood seemed to favour cuts to public spending that would make the Finnish economy more competitive. Since the onset of the financial crisis Finland had experienced almost constant economic decline, with worsening public debt amid job market uncertainty. This chapter first argues that the response of the Finnish left to the euro and financial crisis must be understood in light of these domestic developments, with the positions of SDP, VAS and the Greens clearly influenced by the changing tides of party politics, the shape of the national economy, and the domestic politicisation of Europe. The next section examines the decline of the left and the politicisation of European integration through the euro crisis, with the third section in turn exploring the ideological response of the left to the crisis. The concluding discussion looks ahead, arguing that the severe challenges facing the left and the unions are far from over.

Chapter 2 maintains the basic focus on evidence but shifts genres from the primarily analytic mode of the first chapter to consider Austin Farrer’s understanding of ‘saints’ as ‘evidence’ for God. The chapter then provides a sustained biographical character-study of the man that Farrer thought was a saint: the Anglican priest, labour union organiser, and British Army officer Hugh Lister (1901–44).

Relationships are influenced by how and where they begin. This chapter focuses on the initiation of romantic and nonromantic relationships (e.g., friendships), including those initiated online. We discuss what types of people are selected as friends and romantic partners as well as the role of context in initial social interaction. First, we first explore the influence of geographic and virtual proximity in relationship initiation. Then, we offer homophily and predicted outcome value theories to understand why some people are more socially attractive than others, and why context influences social attraction. Next, we introduce social exchange and partner preference theories to explain why people are sexually and romantically attracted to others. We examine the similarities and differences between online dating and in-person romantic relationship initiation. Finally, we examine the conversational factors – both verbal and nonverbal – leading to attraction. We also discuss specific partner compatibility – that is, what makes two people "click."

Chapter 2 lays the foundation for the book’s theoretical framework by introducing the collective action problem and examining how protest mobilization unfolds in practice. Drawing on global literature and empirical examples, it demonstrates that elite-driven protest is a widespread and influential form of collective action. It shows, however, that successful elite mobilization requires deep local knowledge, strong community networks, and trust – resources that many elites lack. To overcome this gap, the chapter introduces the concept of the protest broker: an intermediary who facilitates connections between elites and potential protesters. It explores who protest brokers are, what they do, and why their role is central to protest mobilization. It argues further, that existing theories of elite mobilization implicitly assume the presence of such intermediaries, yet rarely acknowledge them explicitly. By making protest brokers visible, this chapter reframes key assumptions in the protest literature and connects them to broader research on political and vote brokers. It also situates protest brokers among other grassroots actors – such as shop floor stewards and activists – clarifying their unique but overlapping functions in enabling protest and shaping its location and form.

In this chapter, we provide an overview of modern methodological approaches to relationship science that is both practical and accessible. We start with a “status report” on the field, outlining three popular methodological trends. First, we discuss the application of machine learning techniques, specifically random forests, to the field of relationships science. Second, we elaborate on the importance of multimodal data, describing studies incorporating physiological, neurological, and linguistic measures. Third, we briefly discuss nonstandard dyadic designs, such as the round-robin design and network analysis, which enable the examination of multiple dyads within larger groups. Throughout these sections, we provide recommendations for scholars who wish to implement these methods in future work. Next, we provide a description of two analytical approaches used frequently in dyadic data analysis – structural equation modeling (SEM) and multilevel modeling (MLM) – and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches. We also present a brief discussion of differences between statistical software programs and suggestions for when to use each.

The Introduction surveys the existing literature on musical salons and related institutions from cross-cultural perspectives, laying out the need for the present volume and placing it within the landscape of existing scholarship in historical musicology, ethnomusicology, women’s and gender studies, cultural studies, and other disciplines. It also provides a flexible, working definition of musical salons and related practices from c. 1600 to the present day. It provides a summary of each chapter in the volume.

This case study presents a scenario where a small community hospital faces a surge of patients during the early stages of the SARS-COVID pandemic. The hospital, located near a cruise ship port, has limited resources, including a 10-bed emergency department (ED) and a two-bed ICU. Several patients from a cruise ship, who are all part of the same family, present with worsening respiratory symptoms, including cough, fever, and shortness of breath. As more patients arrive, the ED staff must manage the influx while facing limited ventilators and critical care equipment. The scenario challenges participants to perform emergency triage, prioritize treatment for respiratory distress, manage limited resources, and follow pandemic protocols to prevent the spread of infection. Through these events, healthcare providers must transition from conventional operations to crisis standards of care while managing an overwhelmed system, making difficult decisions regarding resource allocation and patient survival.

This chapter starts by generally providing an overview of the problem, i.e. the cross-border situation, and the solutions that are given by conflict of laws through its typical methods. It then proceeds with an analysis of how choice of law intersects takeover law. Even though the Takeover Directive addresses the problem, spaces are inexorably left for the typical choice-of-law characterization issues, at the frontiers between matters relating to the bid procedure and matters relating to company law, each potentially subject to the laws of different Member States (see Article 4(2)(e) of the Directive). Keeping in mind the different connecting factors for the lex mercatus and the lex societatis, this chapter addresses particular questions raised by cross-border takeovers, trying to find legal strategies to solve them. These include rules on information, on corporate governance and on defensive measures. Also recent developments concerning corporate sustainability are mentioned, taking them into consideration while pondering whether current societal and ecological concerns should operate as a justification for allowing boards of companies to defend against cross-border takeover bids.

Chapter 1 examines connections between abolition debates and legislation in Britain and the decisions of colonial administrations to amend, retain or abolish the death penalty in the 1950s and 1960s. The British government made only limited efforts to promote abolition across the Empire and readily accepted arguments made by governors, political and judicial appointees and elected lawmakers for retaining executions. The course of imperial abolition was consequently uneven in ways that reflected the diversity of colonial legal and penal cultures, crime control concerns, constitutional arrangements and political dynamics, and which saw racialized systems of colonial penal violence persist into the abolition era. Yet even in colonies where the death penalty was retained into the 1970s and beyond, death sentences were upheld in an increasingly narrow range of murder cases. In some jurisdictions, this shift predated British abolition and indicates a more pervasive and dispersed turn against capital punishment across the Empire than is captured in statute laws alone.