This chapter explores the representations of gender in relation to four films: Le Bel Indifférent, La Naissance du jour, L'Evénement and Lady Oscar. It provides an overview of Jacques Demy's heroes and heroines more generally. Simone de Beauvoir offered a polemical insight into the situation of women in romantic relationships that can be applied to Demy's adaptation of Cocteau's Le Bel Indifférent. La Naissance du jour initially appears anomalous in relation to Demy's other films. Colette can be placed towards either end of a scale encompassing Demy's female characters. Genevieve in Les Parapluies de Cherbourg fails to affirm any meaningful subjectivity beyond her externally imposed status as pretty daughter, girlfriend, wife and mother. By maintaining Marco's external virility, Demy not only maximises the comic potential of his film, but also shows how sexism and homophobia are perpetuated and trivialised in everyday discourse.

In September 1967, Dr Heinz Kroch, the German-Jewish refugee from Berlin who thirty years earlier had founded the Lankro Chemical Company in Eccles, was presented by the Mayor of Eccles with a casket and scroll to honour his admission to the Roll of Freemen of the Borough. The whole episode may perhaps be seen as a continuance of those ritual exchanges, engineered on both sides, which, from the mid-nineteenth century, sought to define the relationship between Manchester Jewry and the civic authorities of the locality. In 1967 Eccles, a time and a place troubled by newer waves of immigration, the corporation and the refugee were effectively laying claim to a heritage of reciprocity. For its humanity, the town had been rewarded by the contributions of the stranger; by his contributions, the stranger had confirmed his right to be British; a Jewish German had become an Eccles cake.

This chapter discusses the role of single woman in the family property distribution and formal–informal powers available to elite woman. Single women were absent from family genealogies that focus on marriage and the transmission of land from one generation to the next. However, as daughters, single women can be found in family settlements. The single woman's experience of property can also be traced through various deeds and property-related documents such as tax receipts, as well as personal correspondence and last wills and testaments. Such documents reveal a more complex life than images of lonely spinsterhood suggest, as single women are revealed as active, independent women who controlled their own property, generated extra income through loans and lived independent lives outside the family estate with connections to wide networks of friends and extended family.

This chapter returns to wider questions raised in the Introduction concerning the materials and methods feminist historiography might continue to develop and pursue. The desire to move beyond the perceived limitations of mere recovery of women's work has already resulted in new ways of telling a wider story: here, a detailed look at the work of two actresses, a case study in which the connections between theatre women might usefully be considered. If we are to change the way that theatre women are included in today's stories, we must attend to how they have been marginalised in the stories of the past.

Urban legends, those apocryphal stories told in university dormitories and around campfires about hook-handed psycho-killers and boyfriends discovered hanging above the parked cars, are a form of oral literature. This chapter explores the adaptive processes these largely formless narratives have undergone to be made into mainstream cinematic horror narratives. It expands on Paul Smith's typology by considering some of the structural issues of the urban legend film, that is, films based primarily or largely on orally circulated belief narratives. The chapter defines some of the more textual dimensions to the urban legend horror film in an effort to expand on what Smith began. It identifies four main narrative strategies that filmmakers avail themselves to within Smith's 'complete plot' category: extended, resultant, structuring and fusion narratives. The chapter summarises two multi-strand narratives: fusion narratives and anthologies.

This chapter considers the ways in which theatre women gained ground in the public sphere of the commercial theatre, and the rise of antagonistic voices against them. The construction of an actress's on-stage identity soon led to the publication of salacious gossip about her off-stage activities: public attacks that might make modern tabloid hacks blush. A study of the construction and exploitation of Elizabeth Barry's and Anne Bracegirdle's public identities demonstrates the potency of these constructs and leads to a wider consideration of their influence on representations of women on the stage. Moves to limit their influence backfired on the management of the patent house, who soon found themselves facing fierce competition from a rival company.

In 2004, the Republic of Ireland became one of just three European Union member states (along with the UK and Sweden) that agreed to allow unrestricted immigrants from the ten new EU-accession states. Also in 2004, the Irish government introduced a referendum on citizenship. The contemporaneous government decision in 2004 to engineer rapid, large-scale immigration from within the EU barely caused a political ripple. Arguably, what is being harmonised through the EU is not one single integration paradigm but a number of social, institutional, and political ones. The harmonisation of integration has emerged in a context of multiculturalism writ large, where the politics of incommensurability — the Europe of continual wars and, in Ireland, sectarian conflict predicated on the religious and political divisions of the Reformation — has been tamed, but by no means eliminated. Developmental modernity by no means constitutes an end of Irish history. The developmental case for large-scale immigration evaporated overnight. What remains, in essence, is the yet-to-be-assessed social cost of rapid and large-scale immigration as one of several challenges to social cohesion.

The physical qualities of the miscellany are described, attention being given to paper size and weight, handwriting and watermarks. On this basis, the collection may be divided into five sections, useful for the analysis of provenance. Items in the manuscript are analysed by type (verse, letter, translation, etc) and language (English, Latin, Italian, French and Spanish), and the results are presented graphically. The database used in this analysis is described, and a case presented for the use of similar databases in relation to other miscellanies, that are hard to catalogue conventionally.

While literary representations of indigenous peoples by non-Native writers now appear infrequently outside of popular genres, contemporary Native representations of Native orphan children have become common, which this study views as a literary trend growing out of widespread experiences of child removal and foster care, as well as of alternative child-rearing and kinship practices. In this chapter, key questions are posed to four works in which Native American orphan figures appear: Barbara Kingsolver’s The Bean Trees (1988) and Pigs in Heaven (1993), Linda Hogan’s Solar Storms (1995), and Leslie Marmon Silko’s Gardens in the Dunes (1999). What “signifying capabilities” do Native American orphans have? What specific challenges to American and/or Native identity do authors respond to through their use of orphan figures? In what types of narrative or ideological processes are Native American orphans involved? The analysis suggests that authors use the figure of the orphan to interrogate the possibilities and limitations of American and Native nationhood, particularly in regard to their ability to accommodate, assimilate, or otherwise mediate difference. In the process, writers of fiction establish theoretical alliances or antipathies with multiculturalism as a model for American or Native social and political life.

This chapter considers the circumstances in which a person will be liable for the torts of another person. It primarily looks at the doctrines of vicarious liability (the liability of am employer for the tortious actions of an employee or a principal for the tortious actions of their agent) and non-delegable duties (the circumstances in which a duty arises which cannot be delegated to another person, such as a contractor). Note that there is often advocacy to change the legal position – to extend the legal circumstances in which liability can be extended to a third party – but also note that redefinition of relationships (such as the employment relationship) often requires adjustments in the law.

Working in normative theory, the book presents a new theory of citizenship simpliciter: as an institutional role permitting moral agency within a complex and differentiated institutional space. Further, in today’s world of complex rule-making interdependence the prospects for democratically authoritative decision-making beyond the state depends on our being able to develop a new conception of citizenship, one able to accommodate national affiliation but not be bound by it, and one able to be institutionally and thus politically consequential. The Conclusion summarises the author’s response to this problem: a conception of supranational citizenship as the institutional embodiment of the active and collective agency of reasonable composite selves in a community of rights, shaping their common and separate destinies under conditions of political equality and mutual recognition and respect. Whatever its territorial scope, insofar as that citizenship consists in effective powers and constitutes a political order conducing to the well-being and freedom of individuals, it authorises and justifies the framework of political authority. Additionally the chapter suggests in what ways the book contributes to Gewirth scholarship and to international political theory more generally.

This chapter explores ideological, normative, and empirical claims about social cohesion that have a bearing on Irish responses to immigration. It draws on Emile Durkheim's classic sociological account of social cohesion to examine some of the underlying presumptions that have come to be influential in the Irish case. An influential governance security perspective worked to circumscribe state commitments to integration. The subtext here was the implicit definition of social cohesion in terms of the existing bounded community; its underlying normative presumptions are examined using Durkheim's concept of the ‘social fact’. The second proposition considered here is Robert Putnam's assertion that immigration undermines social cohesion. This chapter also discusses the findings of a study which compared ‘socially included’ immigrants with relatively low levels of social capital but high levels of human capital with ‘socially excluded’ Irish neighbours who nevertheless had high levels of social capital. Interpretations of the challenge to social cohesion depend on whether this is defined in terms of social capital (trust and reciprocity) or social inclusion (socio-economic and human capital terms).

This book explores the role and fate of the civil service in the process of State-building. It also questions whether the new government did simply retain the same civil service, given that every other institution of the British State in Ireland was abolished: parliament, executive, judiciary, police and the military. The civil service was bound to the State as a discipline of policy advice and policy execution. The State is usually treated as the empty stage on which the struggle for power is enacted. In order to facilitate Home Rule, the British government proposed to empower the Irish government to dismiss the entire civil service in Ireland and appoint a new one. Home Rule represented a profound breach of the good faith that had bound the civil service to the British State. The book then presents a fresh perspective on the civil service, the State and the Irish revolution.

Command of Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) units was in the hands of local divisional, regimental, battalion and company officers. Some of these officers had little respect for and openly disobeyed instructions from UVF HQ housed in the Old Town Hall in Belfast. As Paul Bew has argued, Sir Edward Carson was aware of the damage that would be caused to the Unionist case if the campaign against Home Rule degenerated as it had, in previous years, into rioting. Unionists never abandoned the parliamentary arena, even when reviewing paramilitary forces. The paramilitary forces were already in existence and the leadership must have felt that it was better that these were under political control than left as fringe movements. One test of the military efficiency of UVF units was how quickly they could have turned out in the event of an emergency.

In 1933, the Zionist movement in Manchester was already fifty years old. The first Manchester Jewish organisation to promote the colonisation of what was then Ottoman Palestine was founded in 1884, the first body seeking the creation of a Jewish state in 1896. By 1900, the community had generated twelve Zionist formations, representing most facets of the international Zionist movement. Manchester became the home of the Russian émigré, Chaim Weizmann, already a leading player on the international Zionist scene formed the ‘Manchester School’ of Zionists which Weizmann gathered around him during his Manchester years. This group included young men and women—Simon Marks, Israel Sieff, Leon Simon, Harry Sacher, Harry Dagut, and Rebecca Sieff—who were to become key figures amongst the leaders and publicists of British Zionism. It was with their backing that Weizmann was able to negotiate the Balfour Declaration.