Justice between private individuals has commonly been viewed as a matter for civil courts. In recent years, however, regulatory agencies have played a role in providing redress to aggrieved individuals in mass damage cases. This chapter examines how regulatory enforcement deals with and should deal with the issue of private law remedies for regulatory violations. It focuses on the actual and desirable role of national and European regulatory agencies, which typically use administrative law means to deter regulatory breaches, in providing compensation to victims of mass violations of EU private law. The chapter presents three models of the relationship between regulatory enforcement powers and private law remedies within the operation of administrative agencies – separation, complementarity, and substitution – and discusses their main characteristics, manifestations, and implications. Each model is analysed in terms of its potential to reconcile the pursuit of the public interest in deterring regulatory violations with a traditional private law concern to ensure interpersonal justice by compensating their victims. The models also reflect and address the tension between uniformity and diversity in the remedial domain. The chapter concludes by elucidating the practical relevance of its findings in the broader context in which regulatory agencies operate in different jurisdictions.

What are the hormonal interventions for managing sexual offending behaviors?

Introduces the unresolved issues of the demographic history of Europe’s early modern cities. Introduces the Sharlin thesis, which challenged the demographic graveyard thesis. Describes the case study of Würzburg and the methodology used to address the unresolved issues.

Building on the previous chapter’s focus on protest occurrence, Chapter 7 explores how protest brokers influence the types of protest that emerge. Drawing on extensive qualitative and quantitative data, the chapter shows that brokers shape not just whether protest happens, but also how it unfolds. It offers four key findings. First, it demonstrates that mobilization tactics vary by broker type: brokers embedded in their communities are less likely to rely on financial incentives to mobilize protest than those with weaker local ties. Second, it shows that communities with nonembedded or nonexclusive brokers are more likely to protest over a broader range of issues. Third, because nonembedded brokers depend more on material incentives, this chapter shows that their protests tend to be shorter in duration. Finally, the data shows that protests are less likely to turn violent when organized by brokers who are either embedded in the community or exclusive in their elite affiliations. Together, these findings highlight the significant impact of broker characteristics on protest dynamics, and help explain variation in protest forms, duration, and intensity across communities.

This chapter considers the boundary conditions on the time variables z₁ and z₂ for the contour single-particle Green’s function, which run over a generic contour in the complex-time z-plane. Different contours of interest are then specified. The boundary conditions for the integral form of the Dyson equation are also considered.

This chapter analyses the recent intensification of Japan-Vietnam security relations from a Japanese perspective. It demonstrates that the relationship has grown beyond a security talk shop since 2011, when relations began to develop markedly toward substantial cooperation, especially on maritime security, and today are on the verge of becoming militarily significant. This chapter argues that Japan’s incentive to develop this partnership is primarily to assist and induce Vietnam’s continued resistance against the rise of Chinese maritime power. The recent changes in Japan’s domestic security legislation potentially open new opportunities to further broaden and deepen bilateral maritime security cooperation, because they legally enable Japan to assist Vietnam militarily in some respects.

Introduction: Interpreters of Paul have distorted or misconstrued features of Paul’s notion of love by insisting that he holds to an absolute antithesis between self-interest and other-regard. This calls for a rereading of Paul’s Christology and love ethics beyond that dichotomy.

While many scholars have argued that Augustine’s theology of grace underwent a shift around 418, making the grace of faith more inward, Chapter 5 proposes that instead, Augustine’s vocabulary of faith simply expands to encompass hopeful and loving faith, which are due to inward graces. Augustine’s expanded vocabulary can be seen especially through his distinction between three different senses of credere (believing). Credere Christum – believing truths about Christ – is necessary for true virtue, since faith orders actions to their ultimate end, but is not sufficient for it. Credere Christo – believing Christ – justifies when motivated by hope. Hope is both the desire for the grace to love and the first beginning of love by grace. Hope therefore explains many puzzles in Augustine’s mature theology of grace. Lastly, credere in Christum – believing in Christ – is a synecdoche for faith, hope, and love. It signifies not merely the means to righteousness but participation in Christ and the very essence of human righteousness.

Given that relationship satisfaction is ultimately a cognitive phenomenon, social cognition likely plays a critical role in determining the extent to which intimates are satisfied with their relationships. This chapter begins with a theoretical description of the cognitive processes that determine relationship satisfaction. Following from this framework, the second section reviews work suggesting there are various benefits to thinking positively about one’s relationship. Nevertheless, the third section highlights work suggesting there are important limits to these benefits, such that they depend on qualities of the two partners, their relationship, and the broader context in which that relationship is embedded. The fourth section then introduces the possibility that distinguishing between controlled and more automatic forms of social cognition may offer insights into why such limits exist. The final section concludes by suggesting various directions for future research that may offer insights into how both controlled and automatic thinking shape relationship development.

This chapter describes the Viennese Volkstheater, a forerunner of operetta, and then sketches the historical development of operetta in city life from the late 1850s into the twenty-first century, including the ‘golden’ and ‘silver’ ages. Since operetta is closely tied to popular music, types such as social dancing, military bands, cabaret and the musical are also referenced.

Nineteenth-century history paintings were as formative as the historical novel for fixing our cultural image of the national past. Their style was conformist and even kitschy; but their visual evocation of bygone ages provided Romantic narratives of the national past with a visual, spectacular and, what is more, enduring iconography. Painting operated in tandem with the historical novel and with history writing. It helped translate historians’ knowledge production into cultural production, into a cultural repertoire and a visual iconography. And as the study of history evolved from Romantic nationalism towards a more factualist, archive-driven academic specialism, that Romantic iconography continued to dominate the popular imagination of what the national past had been like. History painting shaped, lastingly, how the nation’s past was envisaged, even as its status declined to that of a largely decorative art.

The recognition by the British political class of the liberal commonalities embedded in British social democracy, normally dormant, flared up briefly in 1996. Among the British intelligentsia, once the prolific supplier of radical liberal ideas, the most prominent liberal was Isaiah Berlin, who displayed a remarkable lack of interest in the twentieth-century history of British liberalism. Inter-war centrist liberalism reverted to a more cautious, property-promoting and free-trade oriented ideological position, while honouring elements of a social liberalism in a much-muted voice. Post-1945 liberalism gradually reconfigured the balance of its elements to espouse a more conventionally 'political' creed, highlighting constitutional reform and local government-cum-devolution, while its social justice policy went down diverging routes. The conscious and public ideological blending of liberalism and social democracy in the second half of the twentieth century proceeded unevenly.