Another central concept or entity which Leroi-Gourhan drew from Bergson was Homo faber. In a brief but influential passage of Creative Evolution, Bergson posited that fabrication, making with materials, was a defining human trait. Intelligence was not for contemplation but rather for action, for producing artificial objects and tools. This Homo faber and its creative intelligence received mixed reactions. While the emphasis on techniques and their role in human history was welcomed by historian Henri Berr and by Marcel Mauss, the latter also stressed their fundamentally collective and rational dimensions, rather than individual or organic ones. At the same time, many prehistorians and philosophers of the time readily assumed an evolutionary sequence from primitive Homo faber to developed Homo sapiens. Until the 1950s, Leroi-Gourhan too held such views, considering the most ancient remains of technical activities (stone tool manufacture and use) too crude to be of much informative value.

In the final chapter, the general account of the artifactual paradigm at work in Hegel’s thinking is extended to explain the shape of his overall philosophical position. Speaking loosely, Hegel sometimes suggests that everything is conceptual. However, it is here contended that Hegel’s idealism essentially involves an asymmetry in the domains of Geist and nature that is rooted in Hegel’s theory of concepts. Geist is that which is conceptually constituted; nature is that which is not conceptually constituted. This asymmetry between the two domains is the “inversion” of philosophy that Hegel’s concept-centric metaphysics inspires. In this chapter, evidence is assembled from Hegel’s so-called Realphilosophie – specifically his works on political philosophy, natural philosophy, and aesthetics – to show that Hegel’s treatment of these topics indeed demonstrates an inverted conception of philosophy, one that is rightly considered a humanism.

This chapter analyses Philippine-Japan security ties from the Philippine perspective. It examines the external and domestic factors behind their increased security cooperation and explores the status of this security partnership. It argues that China’s maritime expansion in East Asia negatively affected both Japan and the Philippines, which in turn led to a deepening of their security partnership. The chapter predicts that despite recent changes in the Philippine government, the Philippines has a strong interest in further deepening the security partnership with Japan.

Having recounted the reigns of Croesus and Cyrus, in book 2 the narrator turns to the third of the five oriental rulers that form the chronological backbone of his Histories: Cambyses, the son of Cyrus and Cassandane. We hear two things about him: (i) Cambyses considers (μέν) the Ionians and Aeolians ‘slaves inherited from his father’, which reminds us of Herodotus’ central theme of the confrontation between barbarians and Greeks; cf. the introduction of Croesus as the man who was the first to subject the Ionians, Aeolians, and Dorians in Asia (1.6.2), and of Cyrus as the one who, by defeating Croesus, made the Persians masters of all Asia (1.95.1). Later the narrator will specify that Cambyses takes Ionians and Aeolians with him on his expedition against Egypt (3.1.1). (ii) Cambyses undertakes (δέ) an expedition against Egypt; a *structural imperfect (ἐποιέετο στρατηλασίην: 2.1.2) is used, since the narrator first inserts a massive geographic (5–34) and ethnographic (35–98) description and a history (99–182) of Egypt before starting his narrative of Cambyses’ expedition in 3.1.1.

This chapter gives a general introduction to the book. The book aims to provide the readers with a practical working knowledge on how to use the tools of the contour many-body Green’s functions for time-dependent problems. Its scope is to highlight the universality and versatility of the contour Schwinger–Keldysh formalism to treat a wide class of physical phenomena. A self-contained introduction to the topic is provided together with a considerable amount of detailed derivations, which make the text accessible to graduate students with minimal training in Green’s functions methods. The book also possesses a distinct degree of originality and contains material not commonly found in other books or review articles on the subject.

Measuring employee performance is essential for effective compensation management. This chapter discusses key performance indicators (KPIs), appraisal systems, and data-driven talent assessment methods. It explores the relationship between performance measurement and pay structures, as well as best practices for fair and objective evaluations. By the end of the chapter, readers will understand how to integrate performance management into compensation strategies.

The chapter opens on the Second World War and the impact it had on the actors and the orientations of international humanitarianism. It then focuses on the long-term post-war programmes and it shows how the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), as well as later UN agencies, aimed to bring about a sea change in the way aid was conceived and administered. In fact, aid for the populations who had been the object of Nazi-Fascist aggression was an integral part of the post-war reconstruction plan and became the symbol of a new beginning in the history of humanitarianism. Feeding and clothing civilians – children in particular – the provision of basic medical care, stopping the spread of epidemics: these remained the main activities of the international programmes, whose intentions, though, were reformulated in the light of humanitarianism’s new aspirations. For example, the conviction – already widely held in the philanthropic tradition – was emphasised that aid and care should go beyond immediate relief and bring a genuine ‘rehabilitation’, physical and moral, to the recipients. The post-Second World War era was a great laboratory for humanitarianism. Within it, old and new convictions, practices and skills interwove themselves and were reformulated, standardised and ratified.

In Chapter 9, “Literature Review,” we give a step-by-step explanation of how to write a literature review, including where to find secondary sources and how to know what types of scholarship is relevant for different kinds of projects. The chapter discusses strategies for combining information from various sources into paragraphs in the literature review, as well as explaining how to share the findings from other research in one’s own words.

In addition to presenting the overarching argument and laying out the structure of the book, the introduction offers an interpretation of the Socratic reorientation of philosophy through a brief reading of both autobiographic passages in the Phaedo and the Apology. This intertextual interpretation reveals two things. First, Socrates thinks philosophers should turn to logoi, that is, broadly to human speeches and human language in order to inquire into Being. Second, this turn to human speeches is at once a turn to what humans usually discuss when they disagree, namely, human affairs and in particular questions related to the “most important things” such as justice and other virtues, the kalon, and, ultimately, the good. This agathological or ethical-political crux of the Socratic reorientation provides a roadmap along which I structure my interpretation of the post-Heideggerian Platonism of Strauss, Gadamer, and Krüger. The milestones of the second sailing thus understood are: dialogical writing and thinking, the confrontation between poetry and philosophy, the tension between philosophy and politics, and, finally, the ascent to Forms.