This chapter examines the defensive measures provisions of the EU Takeover Directive of 2004 in the light of the changing policy orientation of both the EU Commission and the Member States towards the role of takeovers in relation to industrial policy. As far as the Commission is concerned, it charts a decline from initial enthusiasm for the threat of the hostile takeover as a central tool for promoting the Union’s industrial policy, via acceptance that the Directive would not achieve this goal because of Member State opposition, to at least partial acceptance of the arguments against making the control of companies contestable. The second half of the chapter analyses whether the failure of the Commission’s initial plans for defensive measures can truly be regarded as a missed opportunity, because those proposals would have been of limited importance, even if enacted. The chapter concludes that the ‘shareholder structure’ and ‘pre-bid defences’ versions of the argument that the Commission’s proposals were trivial carry more weight than the argument that other provisions of national company law already achieved the Commission’s goal.

Chapter 5 thus turns to the “old quarrel between philosophy and poetry”. Whereas my starting point in Chapter 4 was the paradox of the written critique of writing, here I begin with the apparent contradiction of Plato’s mimetic critique of mimesis in the Republic. For Gadamer, Strauss, and Krüger, this is key to understanding Plato’s critique of poetry: Plato does not condemn mimesis entirely. Instead, he subordinates the imaginative and persuasive powers of imitative poetry to philosophical goals and thus weaves poetry and imitation into his own masterful compositions. All three readings point differently but decisively to the limits of autonomous or unaided philosophical discourse, and therewith anticipate some of Heidegger’s insights on the necessity of something like poetic thinking.

The introduction sets out the book’s main arguments and interventions, methodology, and structure. It details how the book applies the concept of ‘active reading’ to classical translation while challenging the idea that translators had a unified political agenda that reflected that of their patrons. It also outlines how the book reinforces the centrality of the concept of counsel and the agency of translators in producing diverse interpretations and applications of ancient Greek and Roman texts. It draws on the concept of the public sphere to conceptualize the shared political import of classical translations. The book’s innovative methodology combines literary-textual, book historical, and historical-contextual approaches and expands the canon to bring out the full range of applications and interventions of early modern translations of the classics while connecting them to larger developments. It ends by explaining the organization of the book according to the main genres of ancient Greek and Roman prose in translation between 1530 and 1580: moral philosophy, history and biography, military manuals, and oratory.

The fairness of criminal jury trial is predicated on the jury being able to clearly understand and accurately apply the criminal standard of proof. Among legal scholars, there is a strong international consensus that the criminal standard of proof as a legal concept is a very high standard that must be met by the prosecution and judged subjectively by the jury after hearing and assessing all the evidence. There is very little consensus, though, on how best to convey this standard to the jury. In this chapter we consider the practice in the jurisdiction of England & Wales of using sure as an ordinary language legal synonym of beyond reasonable doubt. In doing so, we outline a set of legal-discursive practices that transform the notion of ‘being sure’ from a simple gut assessment to an immensely confusing legal prescription. These practices are then exemplified through a judge’s excruciating attempt to clarify the use of sure and the Court of Appeal’s misreading of the fundamental issue. The chapter ends with some recommendations.

Barry Buzan’s ‘big picture’ analytical approach continues to help clarify the dilemmas of contemporary global politics. Bringing the sensibilities of historical sociology back into the domain of International Relations theory enriched key debates and warned against excessive parsimony. It continues to set the stage for richer empirical studies that go beyond description to disciplined analysis and the drawing out of normative and policy implications. This short chapter provides the outlines of a case in point. It starts with Buzan’s hypothetical framing of ‘the market’ as a primary institution of our contemporary world order. It then focuses specifically on the interaction of relatively open capital markets, especially since the early 1970s, with other primary institutions, like sovereignty, territoriality, international law, great power management, and nationalism. Its conclusion assesses the probability that this interaction will incline the system in the direction of collaborative government at the global level. Not naively discounting the possibility that the system might nevertheless recapitulate catastrophic financial and political disorder, the chapter holds out hope for a better world shaped by pragmatic decisions informed by deeper understandings of macro-social context. The trajectory of Barry Buzan’s life-long work inclines in that same direction.

In 1849–50, Étienne Duverger co-edited La Violette: Revue musicale et littéraire in New Orleans. He published this feuilleton with an aim to instill the idea of the Parisian salon among women in the French Quarter of New Orleans, and he encouraged them to adopt a new repertoire (Chopin) and a new stance (in the public gaze rather than out of it). In other words, he urged them to come out of the shadows (where violets hide) and into a broader light. His efforts, however, failed. This essay argues that while the rising domination of US-American culture (over that of the French) contributed to the breakdown of Duverger’s mission, the data that can be gleaned from this publication provides the most detailed account of salon activities in the South, and possibly the entire nation. Thus, La Violette proves invaluable as a resource for women’s musical culture in this period.

This chapter addresses the nightclub as an architectural typology. It will consider what the Italian architect Carlo Caldini, co-designer and owner of Florence’s Space Electronic nightclub (1969–2017), called the nightclub’s ‘inexistent architecture’ - in other words, the importance of sound and light over bricks and mortar in the design of club spaces. This was echoed by the critic Aaron Betsky who described a design of ‘rhythm and light’ (Queer Space, 1997) in his description of New York’s iconic Studio 54. The discussion further considers a range of nightclubs from the late twentieth century including Rome’s Piper club, Florence’s Space Electronic, and Electric Circus, Studio 54, Area, and Palladium in New York. In addition, it brings in other voices from architecture, design and music – including Simon Reynolds’ concept of the ‘affective charge’, to position design and architecture as a key realm in electronic dance music culture.

Employee turnover is costly, and compensation plays a major role in retention strategies. This chapter examines how pay policies affect workforce stability, talent engagement, and employee loyalty. It explores best practices in compensation-based retention and how organizations can use data-driven approaches to reduce turnover costs.

Chapter 24 explores the different ways in which scholars can be more visible and take on a more active role within the scholarly community. Here, we explain the value and characteristics of initiatives and platforms such as ORCID or Google Scholar and explore why and how to create personal professional websites.

The current chapter focuses on basic properties of communication that inform the ways that the study of communication and the study of relationships intersect. These properties include interdependence (the idea that messages simultaneously influence and are influenced by messages that precede and follow them), reflexivity (the notion that communication creates and is constrained by structure), complexity (the concept that communication conveys multiple messages and functions at different levels of analysis), ambiguity (the notion that any given message has various meanings), and indeterminancy (the idea that messages can have multiple and diverse outcomes on relationships). Research on relationship narratives, message features, multiple goals, and message processing, among other topics, is reviewed and challenges for researchers who study communication and relationships are discussed.

A “Neo-Europe” is a land beyond Europe subjected to European settlement and domination. This chapter looks first at Latin America to consider its Amerindian theatre and the theatre imported by Iberian conquerors and settlers; it emphasizes that the region’s European theatre was often domesticated by the non-elite Latin Americans themselves to suit their own interests. It then turns to the African American border region (centered in the Caribbean), a bifurcated society in which Europeans held absolute sway over enslaved Africans. While the theatre imported by Europeans bore little Caribbean fruit, music and dance traditions were easily shared among the enslaved Africans, resulting in syncretic styles that became the key structural elements in Afro-Caribbean theatre. The chapter then examines North America, where demographics (especially in the United States) led the imported European theatre to be modified by a syncretism that made possible minstrelsy and musicals. It looks finally to Australasia, noting that the theatre of its British settlers remained largely a mirror of British theatre, absent meaningful interaction with Aboriginal theatre dismissively referred to as corroborees.