This chapter reads writings on and in Arabic in the Moroccan avant-garde journals Souffle and Anfās (1966–1971) between national and transregional scales for literature. After 1969, this movement produced itself as a periphery within transregional literature by plugging into literary networks with the Mashreq, particularly Beirut. Contributors experimented with various forms of fuṣḥā – from iconoclastic, futurist poetics to dogmatic Marxist-Leninist prose – to found the written Arabic to express Moroccan literature’s belonging in an unfolding Arab revolution and to shatter the Moroccan monarchy’s monopoly over the language as the sign of permanent, sacred, Arab-Islamic national culture. For Souffles–Anfās, Morocco’s connection to transregionalism lay in the people’s emotional connection to the Arabic language and their Arab nationalist sentiments. This avant-garde movement sought – but never found – a Moroccan poetry to launch into the transregional system. The chapter reads issues of Anfās as transregional literature, Arabic poetics in bilingual Souffles, and translational engagements in French with a future Moroccan Arabic.

The traditional narratives of Austrian constitutional law are evolving. Long decried by scholars and practitioners to be ‘in ruins’, the Austrian Constitution has recently been lauded as ‘elegant and beautiful’ by Austria’s President, thus attempting a paradigm shift in the Austrian public’s perception of its constitution. While some textbooks claim it (still) is a merely formal, ‘value neutral constitution of game rules’ much in the spirit of Hans Kelsen, the Austrian Constitution and its interpretation show more and more signs of converging into a principled, value-oriented and purposive approach common in many other countries. The multinational legal legacy of the Habsburg Empire and its potential for understanding the European integration have been recognized as an asset, just as the ensuing creation of the world’s first constitutional court is of pride and the Austrian Constitution’s leading export.

This chapter begins with an analysis of the neo-socialists’ infamous watchwords of “order, authority, nation.” Rather than an expression of fascist sympathy, these represented an initial attempt to appropriate and rearticulate these terms in service of a popular-democratic and national-popular socialist politics oriented against the threat of fascism. The chapter then considers neo-socialism’s equivocal turn, in which it briefly adopted a more ambiguous attitude toward fascism during the political crisis inaugurated by the February 6, 1934, anti-parliamentary riots. However, this equivocal turn in neo-socialist discourse did not represent a logical development of neo-socialism, but rather its adaptation to a political field in crisis. The neo-socialists sought to take advantage of their marginal position within the political field and capitalize on widespread anti-parliamentary sentiment by reinventing themselves as the vanguard of a “revolution by the center” and making common cause with elements of the political right.

This final chapter opens with the universal adoption of the principle of the nation’s right to self-determination, which, applied in the Paris Peace Treaties of 1919, was meant to stabilize international relations and which turned the central tenet of nationalism into a cornerstone of international law. In a European continent purportedly divided into ethnoculturally defined nation-states, the culture of nationalism continued to be operative. Many post-1918 nation-states slid (partly because of an unresolved ambiguity between civic and ethnic definitions of the nation) from parliamentary and constitutional governance towards authoritarianism and dictatorships. Meanwhile, a new cultural medium emerged: cinema. This medium is surveyed to explain the remarkable survival of nationalism across the totalitarian dictatorships and devastating wars of the mid-century, and across the internationalist and anti-totalitarian recoil that dominated the post-1945 decades. It is suggested that this survival, and the renewed contemporary dominance of nationalism as an ideology, is due in large part to its ability to shift back and forth between anodyne and virulent states, latent and salient. The alternation between those states served to proclaim the nation’s charisma both as a merely cultural (unpolitical) feel-good factor and as a political imperative, a commanding, inspiring validator for belligerent heroism.

This introductory chapter details the purpose of the collection and its structure. This collection presents the state-of-the-art research in applied linguistics directly relevant to procedural and administrative law and practice, with an emphasis on how legal procedure is constructed, negotiated and implemented through language. Covering the themes around legal process and legal profession through the lens of linguistics, the focus of this collection is very firmly on the applicability of linguistic theory and methodology to the context of legal practice. The Introduction also outlines the chapters, which draw on distinct methods and data types to explore diverse aspects of professional practice across a number of jurisdictions. In doing so, the chapter highlights the immense potential for incorporating linguistic insights into the legal process and the benefits it can bring to law researchers and practitioners.

The movement of opinion in favour of Scottish nationalism registered by the 2014 Scottish independence referendum catapulted the case for a separate Scottish state to the heart of British political debate. Union in particular, a much more in-depth and forensic engagement with the ideas of Scottish nationalism is badly needed. The advocates of Scottish independence have by necessity already spent a long time scrutinising the case for the Union, whatever else might be said about the quality of their political thought. This chapter considers why modern Scottish nationalism presents such a searching challenge to the reforming republican social democracy that authors such as David Marquand delineated during the 1980s and 1990s. At one level the challenge posed to a British republican social democracy by the rise of Scottish nationalism is simply to question the assumption that the appropriate territorial unit for this sort of political project is Britain.

What is the first-line treatment for catatonia?

This chapter analyses the Japan-Australia bilateral security ties from a Japanese perspective. It argues, that for Japan, the trust towards Australia has begun to deepen during the years of bi- and multilateral cooperation on non-traditional security issues such as Peacekeeping Operations and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, for example the support of the Australian forces in protecting the Japanese GSDF during their deployment to Samawah (Southern Iraq) in 2006, which provided the basis for the “second evolution” of Japan-Australia Japan security relations with the signing of the Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation in 2007 and further intensification of security ties since 2012. The chapter argues that the deepening strategic convergence of Japan’s and Australia’s regional policies towards a more assertive direction is a response to the perceived challenges posed by the rise of China, as well as their shared views on the rules-based international order and the U.S. role in the Asia-Pacific region.

Law is an applied and theoretical discipline. To that end, the law must be applied to the facts available when assessing the alignment of the facts with the law. In this respect law is an empirical discipline, one that requires objective fact and law in association with one another in its application. Evidence must exist to establish fact, while law must exist to establish the rule structure. The relationship between law and evidence is unique, for it is not simply the existence of objectively present objects that will establish the fact – the fact in law is subject to further legal construction through the laws of evidence. One aspect of that process is an object or event that has actual existence may not, as a matter of law, be available to the decision maker because of legal invalidity. Hence the empirical foundations of law are based on admissible evidence rather than mere evidence. This will be considered in more detail in Chapter 3.