So far we have dealt with classical analytic methods, concerning in particular the system of three bodies. Beginning with this chapter we make a jump in time to the second half of the twentieth century. The aim is to illustrate some recent developments. Reference is made in particular to the two main theorems proved after 1950: Kolmogorov’s theorem on persistence of invariant tori [127], and Nekhoroshev’s theorem on exponential stability [195][196].

Pushbacks are designed to prevent people on the move from accessing procedural and/or substantive legal safeguards. States thus tend to deny practising them and actively erase evidence of their occurrence. The resulting acute evidentiary challenges in any subsequent human rights litigation require adjustments to be made to the evidentiary framework. This chapter offers a four-branch matrix of what can logically happen to facts disputed in litigation. It then proceeds to critically examine how evidentiary issues have been handled in UNTB pushback case law, concluding the right findings have been made, but on a generally weak reasoning. The chapter finally stresses that the burden of proof should be shifted from complainant to state when two conditions are met: a context-proven to a high standard, such that the state can be presumed to have violated human rights; the complaint is linked to this context – with this proven prima facie. If the linkage is evidenced to a higher standard, the factual allegations must be recognised as established on the strength of the evidence –without any shift being alluded to, so as to avoid an upward slippage in the purposefully low standard of proof applied.

This chapter addresses evidence-related recommendations for the consideration of the UN treaty bodies. Written by three practitioners from the civil society sector, with direct experience of the individual communication procedure before the UNTBs, it also benefited from input from all the contributors to the volume, which it concludes. Part I offers normative reflections. It deals with legal questions, including: What should the applicable standard be when determining human rights claims? How should this standard vary according to the type of claim and the stage of the proceedings? In what circumstances and under which conditions should the burden of proof be shifted from the complainant to the respondent state? Part II deals with organisational, and thus more mundane issues, but it highlights how proper identification and communication of the applicable evidentiary concepts and norms are essential to a transparent, accessible and fair system, therefore necessitating proper resourcing.

In 1954, at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Amsterdam, Andrej Nikolaevich Kolmogorov presented his celebrated theorem on the persistence of invariant tori of integrable Hamiltonian systems, under small perturbation [127]. Ten years later, the proofs published by Moser [189] and Arnold [2] initiated a new research field, known as KAM theory.

Chapter 4 focuses on the second CERIC element, the Evidence. Evidence is the main “input” of a research study and can include data, test results, measurements, and observations that provide the foundation for the Claim. Evidence can also include theoretical inputs, such as models and simulations, that may be compared to data. Evidence can be quantitative or qualitative and is typically found in the methods section of a research article, in tables, and in charts. This chapter provides several examples to illustrate how to identify the Evidence in research papers across disciplines.

The chapter explores the phenomenon of ocean-to-land globalization, a shift in global production that increasingly relocates industrial activities to aquatic surfaces while consumption remains land-based. It argues that advances in radiocommunication and radionavigation technologies since the mid-twentieth century were critical enablers of this transformation. By dramatically reducing communication and transport costs, these technologies removed the geo-ontological association of marine regions as remote peripheries to terrestrial centers of production. From a cybernetic viewpoint, extending human audiovisual senses through radiocommunication and radionavigation technologies—including radio telegraphs, radiophones, communication satellites, Decca, or GPS—enabled offshore production sites—such as oil rigs, salmon farms, and rocket launch platforms—to function similarly to terrestrial centers. The post-WWII civilian proliferation of such technologies was the essential enabler for reconceptualizing industrialized marine regions and their artificial islands as inhabited spaces and as new production centers in ocean-to-land globalization.

In this chapter, we analyse editorial intervention in modal usage in a corpus of written South African (SA) English texts across a range of registers. The corpus consists of unedited and edited versions of the same texts with metadata about the authors and editors, who are users of different subvarieties of SA English. We focus on two factors that play a role in editorial decision-making: the linguistic background of the editor in relation to that of the author; the role of codified norms, as reflected in grammars, usage guides and dictionaries. Results indicate that editors reduce the frequency of all modals across text types or author subvarieties, except for the modal may which is increased marginally, consistent with normative advice pertaining to its use for epistemic possibility meanings. Typical SA usage, such as the extended use of must, is not targeted for normative intervention. Editors tend to make fewer changes to texts written by Black SA authors, and intervene most with texts written by Afrikaans English bilingual authors. Native white SA editors make more frequent changes than Afrikaans English bilingual editors.

A 40-year-old woman with past medical history of vitamin D deficiency presents to the emergency department with multiple concerns. She states 5 days ago she experienced weakness in both of her legs that progressed over 3 days and is now persistent, and much worse in her right leg. She came in today after two episodes of urinary incontinence. She says she has experienced other concerning signs over recent years; however, she has been reluctant to come to the hospital. Two years ago, her left arm became weak, and 6 months ago she experienced right-eye pain and blurry vision, with both incompletely resolving weeks afterward. She complains of years of worsening fatigue and says she has recently developed a squeezing sensation around her torso.

This chapter starts out from the serendipitous observation of patterns where look forward to is complemented not by a verbal -ing form (as would be expected by standard grammars) but by a plain infinitive, as in I’m looking forward to meet you. It investigates the spread and frequency of this construction in a wide range of corpora, some of which also allow a diachronic comparison, and considers several potentially conditioning factors. Grammatically, this pattern can be explained as a case of reanalysis in the process of structural transmission, showcasing structural simplification that may characterise second-language acquisition. The form to, the final element in the phrasal-prepositional verb under discussion, is reinterpreted as a homonymic but functionally different form, the to infinitive marker. The results clearly support the hypothesis that the ’look forward to + plain infinitive’ pattern constitutes more than mere performance errors and appears to represent an ’embryonic’ manifestation of an incipient change, with a strong focus in Asian Englishes, and possibly with Indian English as an epicentre, although the trend may have been reversed recently in formal registers.

This chapter explores the idea that the concept of dynamical gestalt, defined across a heterogeneous collection of interacting variables/factors/processes (including biopsychosocial factors) and distributed across different scales, can provide a level-free explanation of psychiatric disorders. In this view, all relevant factors are defined by their causal interaction, albeit at different temporal and spatial scales. Accordingly, there is no reason to think that social factors are on a higher level than neuronal processes, or that neural processes are more basic than social factors in the etiology of psychiatric disorders. In combination with the model of interventionist causality, this approach allows for the development of a productive way of explaining psychiatric disorders and for insight into therapeutic practices.

A 60-year-old man, with a history of lung cancer in remission, presents to the neurology clinic with complaints of 6 months of progressive intermittent bilateral leg weakness and fatigue. He reports he initially thought he was developing arthritis, because he felt “stiff” and would feel better after he “warmed up.” A month later he noticed his shoulders felt much weaker than usual, and 1 month ago he started noticing intermittent double vision and constant dry mouth. When he is particularly weak, he notices it is difficult to swallow solid foods. He denies any back or neck pain or muscle tenderness.

This chapter critiques the limitations of liberalism as a guiding political philosophy for social work and social justice. While Rawlsian liberalism frames justice in terms of fairness and distributive equality, its emphasis on individual rights often obscures the racialized foundations of US democracy and fails to account for structural oppression. Liberalism’s language of equality and freedom has historically coexisted with racial domination – from slavery and Jim Crow to contemporary attacks on affirmative action and diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives. Drawing on Critical Race Theory, interest convergence, and historical analysis, this chapter argues that liberalism is not simply flawed in practice but fundamentally implicated in sustaining racial hierarchies. It highlights how appeals to fairness can be mobilized to both expand and restrict rights, often reinforcing white supremacy. Moving beyond liberalism, the chapter introduces race-conscious frameworks such as Nussbaum’s capabilities approach, sociopolitical development, and deep canvassing as tools for reimagining political institutions. It concludes by advocating for political social work to center human dignity, collective well-being, and structural change, rather than abstract rights, as the foundation for advancing racial and social justice in the United States.