Paradoxically, Belgium played an important role in the internationalization of homosexuality as a policy issue during the 1950s. In the wake of liberation from Nazi Germany, social disruption sparked anxiety over the moral corruption of the young. Following changes to the way prostitution was policed, rising arrest numbers led to the discovery of male homosexuality as a ‘new’ social problem. In turn, Belgian officials placed the matter on the agenda of Interpol as a phenomenon meriting attention globally. Influenced by the American Kinsey studies, the British Wolfenden report, and the postwar language of human rights, homosexuality’s partial decriminalization was officially endorsed by Interpol, the United Nations, and other international bodies by the late 1950s. Ironically, in Belgium alignment with the proposed model led to the partial criminalization of homosexual acts for the first time. However, before long the country’s peculiar culture of conflict management opened political backdoors that began the quiet osmosis of the budding gay and lesbian movement into subsidized civil society. By 1999, when Christian Democrats lost their previously tight grip on political power, a progressive coalition jumped headlong into a series of reforms, quickly turning Belgium into the global champion of LGBTQI+ rights that it remains today.

From 1986 until March 2020, the salon of the Philadelphia-based pianist and composer Andrea Clearfield met in her home each month without fail. Then, in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic began, and arts events around the world were abruptly canceled, as artists and audiences retreated to a state of solitude. In March 2020, Clearfield was forced to suspend her salon for the first time. Soon after, however, Clearfield’s gatherings resumed in another form. A group of friends, led by the music technologist and composer Adam Vidiksis and lead engineer Gerardo Razumney, together with a technical team of around ten volunteers, helped her to create an online, live, and interactive environment through the Zoom videoconferencing platform that would simulate some aspects of the salon that she had hosted in person for so many years. Clearfield then created hybrid gatherings that she dubbed “SZalons,” borrowing the “Z” from “Zoom” to distinguish them from her in-person salon events. While the online medium had some limitations, it opened new possibilities for Clearfield, her audiences, and the performers who present their work there. Through analysis of an interview with Clearfield and some of the hybrid performances that took place in the early days of the SZalon, this chapter suggests that Clearfield created the SZalon as a proactive, hopeful reaction to the overwhelmingly difficult circumstances of the COVID pandemic. Building on her existing network of musical sociability, Clearfield was able to use the Zoom platform to create a new geography of home that seeks to balance the intimacy of the salon with the quest for global connection through music.

This chapter explores the relationship between women’s abolitionism and the musical salon in eighteenth-century Britain. In the absence of written sources describing musical salons that promoted abolitionism, I search for musical evidence of this phenomenon – in the form of two piano-vocal scores. Each is a setting of William Cowper’s celebrated antislavery poem, “The Negro’s Complaint” (1788). The first setting is by an anonymous amateur composer, whom I identify as Miss Greenwood. Greenwood’s choice to publish her song in The Lady’s Magazine speaks to contemporary assumptions about women’s taste for antislavery songs, poems, and stories. The second setting, by professional composer John Wall Callcott, confirms that such songs were indeed popular with women in this period. I explore four copies of this score, which were included in British women’s personal music collections in the late eighteenth century. These important sources contain hard-to-find traces of women’s musical engagement with the abolitionist cause.

While it is almost trite to emphasize that non-international armed conflict (NIAC) is the predominant form of armed conflict today, less well-known is that ‘irregular’ or ‘guerrilla’ warfare has been the predominant form of warfare throughout human history. The ancient city-states of Mesopotamia, the Han dynasty of imperial China, and the Roman and British Empires were all confronted by various forms of civil strife or insurgent citizenry that challenged their authority through armed resistance. Moreover, these ancient and asymmetric rebellions reveal that many of the defining features of modern NIACs, including foreign fighters, targeted killings, and acts of terror, are far from novel, but rather, have been defining features of ‘irregular warfare’ for thousands of years. What is a comparatively recent development, however, are the various ad hoc efforts to define, classify, and regulate rebellions and insurgencies within international law.

This chapter constructs a theoretical framework for analysing the interaction between market regulation and private law. It explores the meaning of each concept in the context of multilevel and heterarchical European private law. Drawing on a variety of perspectives from legal and regulatory scholarship, the chapter outlines the distinctive rationalities and characteristics of traditional private law as a state-backed bastion of interpersonal justice and those of EU private law as a subset of market regulation beyond the nation-state. These two different accounts of private law reveal conflicts between the core values that underpin EU and national private law and that inform their interface, reflecting intense academic and policy debates. The chapter identifies three such dichotomies: the one between the pursuit of the pan-European common good and interpersonal justice, the one between legal certainty and individual fairness, and the one between uniformity and diversity. These dichotomies highlight major tensions between public and private interests in the areas subjected to EU harmonisation and beyond. The chapter also reveals that the interaction between market regulation and private law can be viewed as a spectrum that ranges from almost none to fairly extensive, and conceptualises the role of fundamental rights in this context.

This chapter considers the procedure originally due to Schwinger, which sets up a number of exact coupled integral equations satisfied by the Green’s functions, avoiding in this way expansions in powers of the coupling constant. This procedure relies on the source field method, where a functional differentiation with respect to a source field is suitably exploited. Specifically, this procedure is here considered for the time-dependent (nonequilibrium) case.

The thriving musical culture of the mid to late nineteenth century and early twentieth century is addressed in this chapter. It examines the Vormärz, Revolution and Nachmärz (1830–60), Liberal Vienna (1860–97), the fin de siècle to the end of the Empire (1897–1918), Red Vienna (1919–34) and the years preceding the Anschluss (1938). The Viennese products of luminaries such as Johannes Brahms, Anton Bruckner, Hugo Wolf, Gustav Mahler, Anton Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern and Alexander von Zemlinsky are considered alongside those of less well-known Viennese figures from this period.

Ultrasound is widely used in the monitoring of patients under going expectant and medical management of both miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy. It is also used intra-operatively during the surgical management of miscarriage where it can help guide cervical dilatation, reduce the risk of uterine perforation and help ensure complete evacuation of the uterus. It is similarly used to guide the surgical management of uterine ectopic pregnancies. It is alos a valuable tool in the management of post-intervention complications.

Uterine ectopic pregnancies are relatively rare and account for less than 5% of all ectopic pregnancies. They can implant either partially or completely within the cervix, the site of a previous caesarean section scar or in the myometrium. Ultrasound diagnostic criteria now exist for all these pregnancies. A pregnancy can also implant in the rudimentary horn of a unicornuate uterus.

The conclusion shows that the righteousness of faith is polyvalent: if faith is motivated by fear, as in Donatists and lax catechumens, it fails to justify; if faith is motivated by hope in Christ, as in converting catechumens, it justifies because it will obtain the grace of the Holy Spirit; if faith is motivated by love of Christ, as in the faithful, it justifies as the essential superstructure of righteousness in Christ. In every case, faith justifies as the crucible in which God transforms desire. As final examples, the conclusion considers the catechumen as an image of the process of justification and the baptized as an image of the state of justification, though it is a state characterized both by righteousness in Christ and by hope in future grace. Ultimately, faith is a proper theological mystery for Augustine because faith’s righteousness comes from its being saturated with Christ and the Holy Spirit.

This chapter utilizes the Nambu pseudo-spinor field operators for the superfluid phase, to reformulate in terms of them the closed-time-path Green’s functions, the ensuing nonequilibrium Dyson equations, the conversion of contour-time to real-time arguments, and the Langreth rules. In this way, the results obtained previously within a mean-field decoupling are framed in a more general context, which will later make it possible to include beyond-mean-field effects for the superfluid phase.

This case study focuses on managing a 70-year-old male patient trapped in a flooded home for over 24 hours. The patient, with a history of peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, and bipolar disorder, is found wading in three feet of freshwater, suffering from hypothermia, trench foot, and a potential soft tissue infection. The scenario emphasizes key principles of emergency management, including the assessment of hypothermia, careful rewarming to avoid cardiac arrhythmias, and the identification and treatment of nonfreezing cold injuries such as trench foot. The case highlights the importance of clear communication and teamwork in a disaster setting, particularly in coordinating care with EMS and other healthcare providers. The scenario also stresses the need for appropriate wound care, infection management, and pain control. Key learning objectives include understanding the pathophysiology of cold exposure injuries, managing environmental health emergencies, and ensuring effective communication in crisis situations. The case is designed for emergency medical training, simulating real-life conditions to enhance clinical skills in managing patients affected by flooding and hypothermia, ensuring comprehensive preparedness for similar disaster scenarios.

Using a sensational case of murder from 1899 as a lens, this chapter explores how little the Belgian capital’s authorities really knew about and how little they actively engaged with what they referred to as la pédérastie. It shows that the police lacked both the mandate and the means to focus on something they clearly deemed a minor nuisance. Unlike in Britain and Germany, homosexual relations between consenting adults in private were not illegal. Unlike in France, where the legal situation was similar, Belgium’s more decentralized make-up impeded the formation of effective and efficient law enforcement authorities even in big cities. No unit epitomized the growing pains of an underfinanced police force in a booming city more than the vice brigade. Policing sex in public was difficult and unrewarding. As the records of dismissed cases reveal, the police and the courts regularly found themselves instrumentalized in the settling of personal scores and they were often forced to retreat in frustration over mutual or unverifiable accusations. Most exasperating of all was the insurmountable wall of secrecy, solidarity, bribery, and obstructionism they faced when dealing with the queer world.