The Sanskrit-derived word dalit, meaning “broken,” or “ground down,” is the term most commonly used in contemporary South Asian scholarly, political, and literary discourse to denote people belonging to castes that have been discriminated against, oppressed, and exploited by those who rank higher than them in the Hindu caste system. “Dalit” is often referred to as a Marathi word, because it was in that language that it first achieved its political currency, but it is now current in every major South Asian language, including Nepali, and is used to mark the Dalits’ unashamed assertion of their identity and their claims to active political agency.

In Nepal, where they are defined by caste, Dalits number approximately 3.8 million, constituting just over 13 percent of the total population, according to the government's 2021 census. Huge social, political, and legislative changes over the past 60 years have led to improvements in the Dalit life experience.

However, while many individual Dalits have managed to acquire an education and prosper, Dalits overall remain at the very bottom of Nepali society in terms of all key development indicators. They continue to face discrimination, exclusion, and violence, both direct and structural, and efforts to improve their condition are routinely compromised by pervasive social stigma.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century AD. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well as offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

Although children have migrated as long as people have, the child migrant story has received increasing attention in the United States since the “child migrant crisis” of 2014. At the same time that child migrants have been thrust into the media spotlight, a growing body of work in migration studies has emphasized necropolitics. As enduring symbols of vitality in literature and culture, children are supposed to be the antithesis of death. Focusing on descriptions of nine-year-old Javiercito/Chepito’s body and language in Javier Zamora’s 2022 memoir Solito, this chapter shows that efforts to contain the unaccompanied child migrant physically, temporally, and linguistically call attention to the necropolitics of migration, undocutime (the slow violence of illegality), and the coloniality of migration in the Americas—in particular, the United States’ expansion of its southern border and the role of youth in its extractive relationship to Latin America.

Now twenty-five years into the twenty-first century, the formidable legacies of Gwendolyn Brooks (1917–2000) come into clear view. She lent her lyrical voice to celebrating the dignity, complexity, and heroism of ordinary people. Her portraits of the residents of Chicago’s South Side, where she lived most of her life, achieve vitality because of her skillful fusion of Black cultural tradition with modernist aesthetics. She saw her poetry chronicling the history of a transforming society in the service of truth and universal humanism. Brooks wanted her poetry “to vivify the universal fact,” and early in her writing career she found that humanism all around her as she looked from the window of her small second-floor apartment at 623 East 63rd Street. This chapter discusses Brooks as the singular inspiration for the inaugural Furious Flower Conference in 1994, her passion for inspiring young people to explore their gifts of writing and reading, her own distinguished career as an award-winning American poet, and her deep devotion to the craft of writing and the inventiveness of language.

Narcissism in America is a maladaptive posture that infects individuals, organizations, social movements, and even the entire country. A comprehensive strategy to address narcissism in the future should include primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Young people can learn to not exploit or retaliate. Organizations should weed out narcissistic leaders who can corrupt the entire organization. Those eligible to vote should support candidates and issues that advance cooperation, reciprocity, and altruism. Future research should include countries like the Russian Federation to better understand how a democracy can take a dark turn toward autocracy. AI could express itself narcissistically, and this warrants thoughtful study.

Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to

• Understand various thermodynamic potentials such as internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy and their applications

• Calculate the magnetic work done by a paramagnetic system and understand the process of creating low temperatures using the principle of adiabatic demagnetization

• Apprehend the idea of first and second-order phase transitions and Clausius–Clapeyron and Ehrenfest equations related to the phase transitions, respectively

• Derive Maxwell's thermodynamic relations

• Apply Maxwell's thermodynamic relations to derive energy equations, 𝑇 –𝑑𝑆 equations, and other thermodynamic relations connecting 𝐶𝑃 and 𝐶𝑉

• Derive Joule–Kelvin coefficient for ideal and real gases like Van der Waals gas

• Describe Joule's experiment in case of adiabatic expansion of ideal and real Gases

• Understand the Joule–Thomson effect for real and Van der Waals gases through porous plug experiment and the temperature of inversion

• Solve numerical problems and multiple choice questions on thermodynamic potentials, Maxwell's thermodynamic relations, and Joule–Kelvin coefficient

10.1 Introduction

The term thermodynamic potentials refers to a specific measure of the capacity of a thermodynamic system to perform work. It is a key concept in thermodynamics and encompasses four variables: internal energy 𝑈 , Helmholtz free energy 𝐹 , enthalpy 𝐻, and Gibbs free energy 𝐺. The choice of the suitable thermodynamic potential depends upon the specific conditions of the system—whether any isolated, closed, or open systems. This means each of these four potentials has its unique usage scenario and interpretation. These potentials are paramount in describing the energy changes within systems. These potentials are extensive state variables of dimensions of energy and are introduced to account for specific constraints such as isothermal, adiabatic, isochoric, and isobaric processes in a thermodynamic system. Their purpose is to allow for simple treatment of equilibrium for systems interacting with the environment. Starting from the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the differential form of four thermodynamic potentials are derived, and these are called fundamental equations.

In this chapter, we extend to the Orlicz spaces framework the results presented in the preceding chapters about composition operators on Hardy spaces Hp (where p ∈ [1, + ∞)) and on Bergman spaces Bp for p ≥ 1.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century CE. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.