The roots of American narcissism can be traced back to its beginnings. European whites fled to North America to escape repression. Once settled, they assumed a posture of superiority toward Native Americans, black slaves, Chinese immigrants, and others. After the Civil War, American narcissism expressed itself differently through the forced assimilation of Native tribes and the influence of white supremacists, robber barons, eugenics, and Donald Trump’s MAGA movement. Despite advances in civil rights, the United States in the twenty-first century evidences a great deal of support for a narcissistic posture.

This chapter documents a cultural logic to the content of emotions, linking cultural models of agency to different emotional conceptualizations, appraisals, and connotations. The authors argue that emotions can either be conceptualized as originating from within the individual, aligning with a disjoint model of agency, or as emerging from social interactions, reflecting a conjoint model of agency. They further show how cultural differences in both the magnitude and relevance of appraisals align people’s emotional experiences with their cultural context. Specifically, experiences of happiness, anger, and awe, are found to come in different variants, implying that the “same” emotion can be associated with slightly different appraisal patterns. By relying on the Natural Semantic Metalanguage research approach, the chapter finally highlights some likely universal and highly cultural specific aspects of emotion experience. The chapter concludes by suggesting future research directions, including the integration of cultural neuroscience and the analysis of emotions in social media.

This chapter examines the early integration of generative AI (GenAI), particularly large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, into judicial workflows. Unlike traditional rule-based decision-support systems, GenAI adopts a bottom-up approach, generating insights from vast datasets to assist real-time decision-making. While offering speed and improved access to information, these tools also present challenges that require careful understanding by their users. Using the recent case of a Dutch judge who employed ChatGPT to estimate the lifespan of solar panels, the chapter illustrates how GenAI is already being used in courtrooms. The value of GenAI lies in supporting, not replacing, human judgement. Yet without a clear grasp of how these systems work, including their limitations and potential biases, judges risk relying on opaque or flawed outputs. The ‘black box’ nature of LLMs complicates their responsible use and raises concerns about the balance between efficiency and discretion. The chapter argues that effective integration of GenAI depends not primarily on regulation, but on judicial education and critical awareness of the technology’s capacities and constraints.

Twilight in Italy is shown to have led the way to the first version of Women in Love (1916, published 1999) and ‘The Reality of Peace’ to the second version (1917–19, published 1920). Motifs of disintegration, ‘the single desire for death’ and the commitment to polarised framing of the subject in hand are transferred to the novel in its first version but deployed more confidently, almost heroically, in the second. Realism is stripped back, characters are captured on the quick, and their psychic conditions become emblematic or indexical of a wider cultural predicament. Alarming subterranean gesturing at the individual and social condition balloons in the more polarised, sometimes operatic story-space of the hyper-charged second version. Gerald Crich’s case localises the general historical one in Twilight in Italy about the artificial shell of self-sacrifice having held the civilisation of the previous generation together. The long slow dissolution of social values (adapting thinking of Herbert Spencer) is sardonically savoured by Gudrun and Loerke; it will issue finally and catastrophically in the destructiveness of the unnamed war, localised in Gerald’s death-suicide.

The first intensive bout of chemotherapy went very well, and I was reluctant to undergo another intensive week. At the beginning of the second round I had an almost life-ending anaphylactic shock, being saved by a close friend.

Once I had sufficiently recovered, I was able to leave, provided I passed stools. This proved an excruciating experience because of chemo-constipation.

Chapter 1 lays foundations for the study of AI-mediated multilingual communication. It proposes a typology of machine translation use based on whether communication takes place at a distance or in a shared physical space, whether the use of machine translation is overt or covert and whether it happens in real time or with delays between sending and receiving messages. The chapter examines how the pursuit of cost efficiencies is a recurrent and sometimes problematic feature of organisational deployments of machine translation tools. It reviews important incidents and draws on case law and official documents to discuss uses of machine translation by immigration officers and the police. The chapter concludes by examining the concept of AI literacy, a type of meta-literacy associated with broader competencies such as being able to evaluate the quality of information and to use it critically.

Trans and non-binary people face many barriers to accessing healthcare. There is also a lack of research and guidance focusing on the health of transgender and non-binary people. Many clinicians also do not feel confident in their knowledge of specialist care for trans and non-binary people. As part of gender-affirming care, trans and non-binary people may start gender-affirming hormone therapy to provide masculinising or feminising changes that are more congruent with their gender identity. This has shown to a positive impact on the mental health and quality of life of trans and non-binary people. Over the life course, trans and non-binary people may also access other hormonal medications such as contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy for menopause. There are unique considerations for prescribing these medications for trans and non-binary people, especially if they are on gender-affirming hormones. In this chapter, we summarise evidence around the care for trans and non-binary people with specific considerations for the intersection between gender-affirming hormones, mental health, and sexual and reproductive healthcare.

We end with a few short words about supercomputing centres and we discuss the future of atomistic simulations in light of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

The archaeology of Byzantium is the archaeology of an empire whose chronological bounds, broadly speaking, spanned the fourth through fifteenth century AD. The authors whose works are collected in this handbook examine methods and practice of Byzantine archaeology as well as the materials typically encountered in artifacts produced within the imperial boundaries. Byzantine archaeology is still a relatively young discipline, and, while vast in its scope and ambition, work in the field tends to be challenging to access. This volume aims to remedy this situation by providing current views of the nature of Byzantine archaeology, exploring crucial studies which elucidate salient features of the empire’s people, as well as offering glimpses of how things may develop in the near future.

This dispute concerns the United States' compliance with the adopted recommendations and rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in United States – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Ripe Olives from Spain. The European Union claims that the United States has failed to comply with the adopted findings of the panel report concerning the incompatibility of Section 771B of the US Tariff Act of 1930 (Section 771B) "as such" and "as applied" in the Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order of 1 August 2018 on ripe olives from Spain, with Article VI:3 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) and Article 10 of the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement).

Learning Outcomes

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to:

• List the differences between ideal and real gas

• List the experiments that depicted the behavior of real gases over a large range of pressures and temperatures

• Demonstrate the meaning of liquid–gas interface, critical volume, critical pressure, and critical temperature

• Derive the equation of state of a real gas considering the effect of pressure and volume

• Obtain the reduced equation of state, the law of corresponding state, and the compressibility factor

• Compare and contrast the Van der Waals equation of state with experimental results on CO2 due to Andrews

• Solve numerical problems and multiple choice questions on the Van der Waals equation of state, reduced equation state, and critical constants of a gas

5.1 Introduction

The foundation of kinetic theory of gases (KTG) is based on two important assumptions: (i) the volume occupied by the molecules of the gas is negligible compared to the total volume of the container, and (ii) no appreciable intermolecular attractive or repulsive forces are present among the molecules. A gas is said to be an ideal one when it conforms exactly to these tenets of the KTG. According to the KTG, such an ideal gas of 𝑛 mole obeys the equation of state: 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇. It is the task of the experimental physicists to test the validity of this equation of state over the whole range of physical parameters such as pressure and temperature. There are a large number of direct and indirect experimental pieces of evidences which clearly indicate that in reality, gases do not behave ideally, that is, the equation 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 is not satisfied by the real gases over the entire range of the above-mentioned physical parameters. Real gases deviate from ideal behavior, especially at high pressures and low temperatures.

Both John Milton and Andrew Marvell have been revaluated in recent years. Yet this is the first sustained scholarly work to compare the two great seventeenth-century poets. In his new book, which stands as the culmination of a distinguished academic career, Warren Chernaik examines the relationship of the two writers and their complex responses to their troubled times. The poets were close friends, yet the trajectory of their careers and their posthumous reputations differed significantly. As well as taking an active part in the major political and religious upheavals of their times, both poets engaged seriously with classical, Christian, and humanist thought. Combining close readings of their poetry and prose with detailed consideration of historical and intellectual context, Chernaik sheds fresh light on the enduring works of poets whose words still resonate strongly with today’s readers.