Nepali Dalit literature is a recent development in the literary history of the country. Nepali is one of the many modern Indo-European languages widely spoken in Nepal and in some parts in India. It is primarily written in the Nāgarī1 script. It was recognized as the national language of Nepal in 1958. Besides, it has been recognized as a major Indian literary language by the Sahitya Akademi2 in India (Hutt 1991: 5). The oldest literary specimens in Nepali are the royal edicts inscribed on stelae and copper plates, dated to the thirteenth century. Since the seventeenth century the literary canon in Nepali has been dominated by high-caste Hindu writers. The first notable Nepali poet was Suvanand Das who composed panegyric verses to praise King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha in the eighteenth century. Brahmin writer Bhanubhakta Acharya (1814–68) is widely considered as the “Father of Nepali Literature” (Hutt 1991: 5). Although high-caste Hindu writers dominate the field of literature in Nepal, many writers from different ethnic groups and marginalized castes have emerged in recent years to write about their struggles and experiences. Nepali Dalit literature is unquestionably the literary expression of Nepali Dalits. Emergence of Dalit literature in Nepal represents the act of writing back to power and caste hegemony by the Nepali Dalits.

The social structure in Nepal, much like in India, was heavily influenced by the caste system, resulting in a social hierarchy among the various groups of people. This system impacted the traditional customs and practices of the people, leading to the establishment of untouchability. Before introducing Nepali Dalit Literature, it is important first to introduce the broader sociocultural context which the Nepali Dalit literature is an integral part of.

Whereas it is natural, when one studies a class of operators on a Banach or a Fréchet space, to try and describe the spectrum of elements of this class, we will devote little space to that question in this book (in the case of composition operators), essentially for three reasons:

The Japanese media concocted the word flyjin, foreigners who fled from Japan in the days after the earthquake, and here I report on this, other media news (or lack of it), and some unusual interactions with strangers in Tokyo.

Upcycling involves the creative reuse of materials that implicate a range of IPRs. Analyzed within the parameters of exhaustion, upcycling in practice illustrates the potential for the exhaustion doctrine in unleashing creativity through reusing and repurposing works. But this potential is limited by the existing contours of exhaustion, specifically its roots in the distribution rights and its uncertain expansion into repair and reconstruction. These limitations within the exhaustion doctrine are magnified through the overlap of rights in upcycled works: copyright with trademark, trademark with design rights. This chapter sets forth the policies underlying recognition of upcycling as permitted use within the contours of exhaustion and overlapping IPR’s. Overlap does not accrete the rights of IP owners or subtract the rights of follow-on creators. Instead, upcycling invites a rethinking of the dynamic of creative ecosystems marked by the reality of markets, transformative creations, and the needs of creative communities. The chapter also critically examining the policies raised by upcycling mandates challenging the linear model of IP dissemination which traces the origin of works to the owner of broadly defined IPRs.

Japan’s notorious gender inequality is discussed here, and how it was affected our plans for the future, as a family with two daughters. I could take a one-year sabbatical in 2012, so we planned to live in the UK to test the waters there.

5A Saha ionization equation

At a high enough temperature and/or density, the atoms in a gas suffer collisions due to their high thermal energy, and some of the atoms get ionized, making an ionized gas. In this process, a number of electrons that are normally bound to the atom in orbits around the atomic nucleus become free and thus form an independent electron gas cloud coexisting with the surrounding gas of atomic ions and neutral atoms. These ionized atoms and electrons generate an electric field that causes motion of the charges, and a current is generated in the gaseous medium. This current produces a localized magnetic field. The state of matter thus created is called plasma. In thermal equilibrium, the ionization state of such a gaseous system is related to the ionization potential, temperature, and pressure of the system. Thus, the Saha ionization equation. expresses how the state of ionization of any particular element in a star changes with varying temperatures and pressures. This equation takes into account the combined ideas of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics for its derivation and is used to explain the spectral classification of stars. This equation was developed by the Indian astrophysicist Prof. Meghnad Saha in 1920. 5A.1 Derivation of Saha ionization equation According to Prof. M. N. Saha, the temperatures in the interior of stars are extremely high, and the elements present there are mostly in the atomic state. Saha argued that under the prevailing conditions inside the stars, atoms move very rapidly and undergo frequent collisions. In the process of such collisions, valence electrons are stripped off from their orbits. This is referred to as thermal ionization and is accompanied by electron recapture to form neutral atoms. The degree of such thermal ionization depends on the temperature of the star. Using the Saha ionization equation, a general relation between the degree of thermal ionization and the temperature can be obtained from the statistical description of plasma in thermodynamic equilibrium.

This chapter starts from the proposition that both poetry and diaspora entail ways of configuring relationships between the general and the particular that may deviate from dominant philosophical tendencies. Without assuming a uniformly shared style or way of thinking, I argue for diaspora as the name of a common historical situation for people of African descent. Noting the concept’s emergence in the 1960s as an alternative to and continuation of older configurations of Pan-Africanism, the chapter then offers brief sketches of some key figures – Kamau Brathwaite, Dionne Brand, and M. NourbeSe Philip – and their relationships to language, gender, and politics.

Maurice Joosten played a transformative role in my developing attitude to cancer, partly through yoga and mindfulness practice.

A brief afterword considers the imperial moment in which the volume was prepared for production alongside the volume’s collectively told story about empire and American letters—a story that also points to some of the most exciting new directions in literary studies more broadly.

We extract a large amount of information from the molecular dynamics simulation using statistical physics. Thus, we define a comprehensive set of structural, transport, and thermodynamic properties.