Broader debates about possible ways of addressing the tensions between science and theology/religion have not often been applied to psychiatry, and yet it is to a large extent scientific research on spirituality and mental health over recent decades that has generated current interest in the importance of spirituality to psychiatry. The four models of relationship between science and religion, developed by Ian Barbour – conflict, independence, dialogue and integration – each have their correlates in the literature on spirituality and psychiatry. However, in clinical practice it is the ‘ordinary’ theology of patients that assumes greater importance than the formal, or academic, theology of philosophical debate. As an example of the importance of a kind of ordinary theology which has been subjected to scientific research, the concept of God images is explored. It is proposed that, in the course of assessment and treatment, a kind of ‘clinical theology’ is needed, in which psychiatrists take into account inner representations of God and other ordinary theological beliefs which inform understanding of a patient’s illness and spirituality.

Given a Banach space X of analytic functions on D and a symbol ϕ, and, say, w ∈ H∞, w ≠ 0, we denote by Cϕ and MwCϕ the composition and weighted composition operators

This chapter explores the role of pointing when referring to (non-)local places in everyday conversations conducted in Gija, an endangered Australian Aboriginal language from the East Kimberley, Western Australia. Conversation analytic methods are supplemented by a geospatial approach, which provides a procedure for measuring the angular vectors of pointing gestures and positioning them in ‘real space’. Analyses suggest that pointing is implicated in displays of detailed geographical knowledge and knowledge of recipients’ cultural connections to country. These types of bodily and verbal displays are fitted to recounting events that transpired on local Gija country. This level of detail is not required for events that occurred in nonlocal environments. This chapter aims to expand understandings of pointing as tied to the wider ecology of speakers’ cultural and communicative contexts, and, for these speakers of Gija, as grounded in displays of knowledge of country and land associations.

The story of American literature and empire is vast and complex, its boundaries as hard to draw and as continuously disputed as the historical borders of the US nation-state itself. Historians of US empire tend to periodize their field into three broad eras of imperial formation: (1) continental expansion under the aegis of Manifest Destiny in the nineteenth century; (2) the emergence of overseas empire with the Spanish-American War in 1898, when the US first acquired formal territories abroad; and (3) and the rise to globalism after World War II, when US military policing in the interests of global capitalism created an empire of military bases around the world while rebranding US imperialism and neocolonialism as embodiments of democracy and freedom, in part through a series of “endless” wars spanning the Cold War through the post-9/11 War on Terror. But for literary scholars, this broad historical periodization of empire loses coherence in the face of literature’s persistent ability to reimagine history, to make counterfactual claims, to invent new worlds, to change the experience of time, and to speculate and counter-speculate about the grounds of reality.

Psychological therapies are another focus for entanglement with spirituality. Prayer has caused concern in the literature, particularly in respect of boundary issues arising when clinicians pray with patients, but the nature of prayer is explored here rather as a way of giving attention to things that are most desired. Scientific evidence suggests that prayer is a form of positive religious coping for patients. Mindfulness, with its roots in Buddhism, is widely applied as a secular spiritual intervention that is helpful in a range of mental health conditions. Silence has long been recognised as a significant and meaningful phenomenon within psychotherapy, but also has its place in contemplative spiritual practices. A theme running through these three practices is that of careful attentiveness, in which spiritual and psychological concerns become entangled. Good clinical practice requires careful attention-giving, so there is a sense in which treatment planning in psychiatry can be considered a kind of prayer, understood as careful attentiveness to what is most desired by patients. Examples are drawn from Christian, Islamic and Buddhist spirituality and practice.

We drove to my in-laws who lived in the mountainous Hakone region, and stayed there for a few days to see whether we should drive further from Tokyo. Eventually the threat receded and we returned home.

No sooner had the House of Gorkha under the Shah kings succeeded in conquering its neighboring principalities during the end of the eighteenth century than it followed the policy of distributing the newly acquired land as salary and reward among its bhardars, that is, royal members, military officers, priests, and local landlords beyond the Gorkha. This paved the way for the rise of an influential elite class of confederates responsible for collecting taxes from peasants and also for the economic gap between landlords and peasants across the nation known as Nepal in later years. On top of that, this elite class promoted their language, known as Khas-kura, and their version of the Hindu religion mainly through promulgating the Muluki Ain in 1854. With it, the ruling class hegemonized their social and moral values among the castes and communities of diverse historical and cultural origins. This research aims to examine the way the feudal characteristics of Nepal as a nation manifest in modern plays of the 1930s. The question it aims to address is: how did “land,” “language,” and “religion” become dominant forces in the plays of the period? For this, I have chosen two plays, Mukunda Indira and Sahanshila Sushila, written by Balkrishna Sama (1903–1981) and Bhimnidhi Tiwari (1911–1973), respectively, in the last years of the 1930s, the decade that also saw the first wave of political uprising that gradually set the ground for the 1950 democratic revolution.

Rise of the Elites/Indigenous

The formation of Nepal as a new nation mainly from the 1770s under the leadership of the Gorkha king Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723–1775) paved the way for the rise of the elite class of the Khas Arya ethno-linguistic group.

This chapter introduces my happy life in Japan, with my wife Mayu, two young daughters, wonderful neighbours and neighbourhood (Shonan, and job.

The fluctuations of ovarian hormones in the menstrual cycle (oestradiol, progesterone) are stimulated by luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland on stimulation from gonadotrophin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus: this is the hypothalamopituitary gonadal axis. The role of these hormones is widespread and changes through puberty, pregnancy, the postnatal period, breastfeeding and perimenopause. The effect of these hormones on the brain and from external influences (e.g. trauma) on the hormonal circuitry identifies possible mechanisms behind hormonally related psychological symptoms and mental disorder. The relevance of the hypothalamopituitary gonadal axis for mental health professionals is explored, including pathological psychological responses to normal hormonal states, mental health symptoms related to hormonal disorders, and the impact of some psychiatric disorders and treatments on hormones.

In recent years, and especially, after the pandemic, policymakers in Latin America and the Caribbean have become increasingly interested in promoting the principles of the circular economy as a core component of the region’s sustainable development. Under the banner of sustainability, the national and regional markets for circular economy items have grown and consumer preference for them has been attracted. However, the debate on the impact of IPRs on the upcycling of goods, which could be protected by an IPRs system, is still very young. This chapter examines whether IP laws interfere with the production and distribution of goods by analyzing national and regional regulations in selected countries in the region, where there is growing interest in circular economy products. In addition, an analysis of the legal defences available within the IP system for the relevant stakeholders will also be undertaken. In particular, the IP systems concerning trademarks, industrial designs, and copyright will be discussed. Finally, the chapter examines whether creating distinctive signs specific to the goods produced under these practices exist and whether this seems desirable.