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When, why, and how did we, humans, develop our distinctive and paradoxical inclinations for both war and peace? This groundbreaking book investigates that central question by drawing on cutting-edge research and an unprecedented range of evidence from thirteen disciplines: biology, primatology, comparative ethology, behavioural ecology, anthropology, archaeology, criminology, social psychology, linguistics, demography, genetics, neuroscience, and climatology. The book shows how the capacities for both war and peace co-evolved gradually over millions of years through a mosaic-like pattern, with distinct but interacting components emerging at different moments and becoming integrated over evolutionary time. This deep-rooted trajectory has been shaped by feedback loops among biological, cultural, and environmental forces. With its expansive temporal horizon, cross-species comparisons, and empirical richness, this book offers a sweeping new account – and an indispensable resource – for anyone interested in the origins of the Janus-faced inclination for both war and peace in the human species.
In this groundbreaking study, Asaad Alsaleh reveals how ISIS weaponized Islamic texts to transform Islamic theology into a tool of ideological violence. Drawing on close readings of Arabic primary sources, he explores the historic notion of takfir – excommunication -- from the 'apostasy wars' that followed Prophet Muhammad's death through modern jihadist movements. Alsaleh demonstrates how political authorities systematically exploited excommunication to eliminate perceived threats throughout Muslim history. He also examines the theological mechanisms through which the group legitimizes violence. Combining theological, historical, and ideological analysis, Alsaleh argues that ISIS pursues a utopian project based on man-made ideology rather than divine revelation, thus distinguishing authentic Islam (rooted in the Qur'an and authenticated Prophetic hadith) from human interpretations that have been tragically conflated with the religion itself. Alsaleh concludes with suggestions as to how to solve the problems that ideology poses, emphasizing that clear efforts must be made to disentangle ideology from religion.
Why are some deeply divided societies able to craft stable constitutional regimes while others have failed and continue to be mired in endless communal conflict? This puzzle constitutes the central question this book seeks to address. This book is directed at scholars who wish to understand the riddles of constitutional performance in deeply divided societies, and those who are interested in understanding Afghanistan's troubled constitutional history. By providing the most comprehensive account of the drafting and performance of Afghanistan's 2004 constitution, the book is aimed at scholars who want to understand the nuances of the process that produced the Constitution and evaluate its performance with fresh eyes. The world is full of divided, post-conflict societies which continue to witness tragic violent conflicts. This book is thus a valuable resource for policy makers who are currently grappling with how to approach thorny problems of constitutional design and nation-building in these societies.
Does democracy matter for urban protest? Africa is the fastest urbanizing region in the world, with more citizens every day requiring access to goods like housing, energy, food, and transportation. At the same time, citizens across the continent have also indicated declining satisfaction with democracy. Thus, many citizens have turned to strategies like protest to meet their basic needs. Yet for urban communities fighting for access to these goods, does democracy still make a difference? Drawing on a decades-long comparison of urban protest in Cairo, Lagos, and Johannesburg, We Have the Rights challenges the conventional wisdom of the social movement literature, by showing that even when democratization has not altered the prevailing forms of protest, it can significantly improve protest outcomes. These findings suggest that democracy can empower urban communities, not by enclosing citizen participation, but by expanding the avenues and boundaries of institutional engagement.
Throughout Islamic history, Muslim jurists have prohibited sex between men. Yet, this prohibition was not based solely on scriptural commands. Tracing a genealogy of Muslim discourses across the first five centuries of Islam, this study situates liwāṭ within wider debates about the body, gender, morality, medicine, and religion. Sara Omar examines changing interpretations of the Lot narrative, the evolution of ḥadīth traditions, and the gradual formation of Islamic legal frameworks. Through close readings of legal, exegetical, medical, and ethical texts, the book uncovers deep disagreements over evidence, authority, culpability, and punishment, revealing a tradition marked by contestation rather than consensus. Omar engages Jewish, Christian, and Hellenic intellectual legacies to shows how early Muslims negotiated the boundaries of nature, desire, and the permissible. Accessible yet analytically rigorous, the book offers new perspectives on Islamic law, sexual ethics, and the historical roots of contemporary debates.
No Neutral Ground examines the complexities of promoting democracy after civil wars, focusing on the role of domestic non-governmental organizations (NGOs). While peace and democracy promoting NGOs are expected to be impartial in their activities, in the aftermath of violence, citizens may distrust these organizations and perceive them as exclusionary, detracting from their effectiveness. The book explores how post-war polarization shapes the interactions among citizens, NGO leaders, and governments, influencing citizen attitudes toward democracy promotion. Each actor is shaped by the destabilizing effects of war, resulting in unintended consequences. Drawing on extensive original data collected through years of fieldwork in Côte d'Ivoire, encompassing interviews, participant observation, focus groups, surveys, experiments, and lab-in-the-field games, No Neutral Ground reassesses the theory and practice of post-conflict democratization and offers insights into whether and how wartime legacies might be overcome to achieve democracy.
This is the first study of Sergei Eisenstein's relationship to classical antiquity. Eisenstein regarded the cinema as a Gesamtkunstwerk and considered the ancient Greeks among its ancestors. He detected what he called “cinematism” in Homer, the Laocoon sculpture group, the Acropolis, and elsewhere. The book interprets Eisenstein's chief concept, montage, as a visual analogy to clever juxtapositions in Roman poetry and examines his conflicts with Stalin and the Communist Party over Bezhin Meadow and Ivan the Terrible alongside the classical rhetorical strategy of formidable speaking in the face of absolute power and the Russian practice of Aesopian language. Eisenstein also influenced the design of the New Acropolis Museum via an essay about the Acropolis' architectural promenade and his epic Alexander Nevsky. The cinematism of the Parthenon Frieze, American cinema architecture modeled on the Parthenon, and Eisenstein's image of the cinema as a temple reinforce his importance within the classical tradition.
Though considered a minor novel, A Laodicean is crucial in Thomas Hardy's career, literary art, and exploration of nineteenth-century religious issues. This is the first authoritative variorum edition of the novel, featuring a full account of its history, references, sources, and literary-religious importance. It explores Hardy's interpretation of English religious culture and his engagement with the debate between Anglicanism, Catholicism, and secularism, woven not only through its treatment of Anglican-Catholic histories of place, but also through the love lives of the main characters, connected as these are with their gradual accommodation of innate secularism alongside their growing religious interest. Alongside extensive explanatory notes, an introductory essay provides new and enlightening insights into the novel's fascinating contexts and into the process of its composition, its reception, its various editions, and the novel's rich dialects and geographies.
Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict is aimed at politicians, diplomats, policymakers, scholars, journalists, and informed readers seeking to understand why peace efforts have repeatedly failed-and how true reconciliation remains possible. Based on over one hundred interviews with Middle-Eastern, European, and American leaders, alongside extensive archival research, the book offers rare insight into the dynamics of diplomacy. It reveals how trust, fairness, and political courage are vital for peace. By analysing pivotal moments-from Oslo to Camp David and the Abbas-Olmert talks, it identifies recurring mistakes and proposes strategies to foster mutual recognition and lasting coexistence. Both authoritative and accessible, the book blends history, law, ethics, and international relations into a practical roadmap for future peace efforts. Its interdisciplinary approach and use of primary sources make it both authoritative and engaging. Readers will come away with a deeper understanding of the conflict and the tools needed to help resolve it.
Why are most contemporary autocracies concentrated between Siberia and Central Africa while other regions remain largely democratic? This book uncovers the deep historical forces behind that divide, tracing how geography-particularly the vast steppe grasslands-and political-economic conflicts between nomadic and sedentary societies shaped enduring patterns of power. These structured conflicts reinforced authoritarian persistence across half the globe, creating a binary world with starkly different opportunities and threats. The result is a long-standing geopolitical fault line that continues to shape global politics today, exemplified by the autocratic axis of China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea. Combining insights from geography, history, and political economy, this book offers a compelling explanation of why authoritarianism thrives -and why democracy prevails elsewhere.
Hope is a vital force in politics, nourishing our visions of the future when things seem irredeemably bleak. Contemporary philosophy is trapped within a view of hope as an everyday desire empty of ethical and political content. Much political theory defers to philosophy and appears unable to appreciate the value of hope as a political attitude. Through an interpretive conversation with Richard Rorty, Robert Lamb shows how Rorty uses Hegel to develop a compelling, alternative understanding of hope as the yearning for a better future amidst a contingent social world and fragile political inheritance. Commitment to political hope – an enemy of despair, optimism, and certainty – invites a reorientation of philosophical reflection and involves a demanding civic ethos to sustain communities fragmented by pathological individualism. Rorty's interpretations of John Rawls, feminism, and the redemptive potential of history show the relevance of hope for the urgent challenges facing twenty-first century liberal democracy.
Designed to build confident analytical abilities, this book introduces a scaffolded five-step strategy for solving problems in classical mechanics. With progressive problem sets spanning kinematics, forces, momentum, rotational motion, and more, it focuses on deepening conceptual understanding beyond the basic application of formulae. This highly pedagogical approach highlights the importance of determining which principles apply under given conditions, and each problem is accompanied by the full mathematical solution and a visualisation of the underlying physical concepts at play. Guided exercises allow students to reinforce their understanding and turn passive solution-checking into active learning. Written for undergraduate physics and engineering students keen to develop more efficient and fluent problem-solving skills and improved exam results, it also provides instructors with a novel and effective teaching framework for tutorials and assessments.
This is an exploration of how the spatial dimension of the Aeneid is enriched by history, memory, and prophecy. As the travel of Aeneas moves on through the Mediterranean, space is turning into place, and place is turning into a Romanized map of the world. Alessandro Barchiesi brings to bear on the poetry of Virgil issues that are central to historical studies, such as colonization, imperialism, exile, conquest, diaspora, ethnicity, and deportation. He clarifies a number of connections between space, geography, and historical memory, revealing the significance of landscapes and seascapes in the light of a poetics of empire. He further investigates the political significance of contact zones, the recurring role of cult and religion, and the function of intertextuality in the construction of space. The book encourages dialogue between ancient studies and ecocriticism and provides a case study of how poetry interacts with Roman ideologies of empire.
Scholars have long known that writers such as Shakespeare, Milton and Marvell drew upon alchemy – the craft of chemical transmutation – to depict the transformative operations of the male literary imagination. But how did the female contemporaries of these male authors utilise alchemical discourse? Sajed Chowdhury shows that alchemy had particular relevance for women because of its affiliation with 'kitchen chymistry': the domestic production of medicine, culinary ingredients and cosmetics. He analyses how women writers manipulated 'chymical' discourse to foreground the transformative intellectual agency of female alchemical practitioners. Diverse authors and genres are discussed, including medical papers and prose meditations by Grace Mildmay, poetry by Hester Pulter and plays and fiction by Margaret Cavendish. Reintegrating women's literary thought and practice to early modern British 'chymical' understandings of mind, soul and body, this study is a landmark in histories of science and women's writing.
Trading emporia emerged in Northern Europe in the Early Middle Ages and were the first coin-based markets and urban settlements in this region. In this study, Søren Sindbæk proposes a new account of the origins of these trading centres by tracing their role in hosting strangers. Sindbæk proposes that 'weak' social ties is a widely overlooked middle ground in pre-modern societies that bridge the gap between 'strong' family ties and formal institutions. By adapting cultural norms, networks, and institutions, it was possible to combine a high level of trust within an open form of society. Emporia developed when the ancient conventions of hosting and guest-friendship became insufficient to accommodate the growing connections between peoples brought together through seafaring. Sindbaek demonstrates that the history of emporia is closely linked to the expansion of maritime trade, colonization, piracy, and warfare - the basis for what we know today as the Viking Age.
Chinese language acquisition has been discussed from pedagogical and discoursal perspectives, however this innovative book presents a linguistic perspective on Chinese as a second language. Bridging theory and practice, it provides an authoritative, research-based foundation to enhance Chinese language teaching and learning methodologies globally. Bringing together 18 leading scholars to explore the linguistic underpinnings of Chinese language teaching and acquisition, the chapters cover key areas of language acquisition such as tone, prosody, Chinese characters, syntax, aspect, and pragmatic competence, and offer new theoretical perspectives, such as cognitive approaches, alongside practical applications. Combining the best scholarship from both Chinese and non-Chinese perspectives, it presents a unique, cross-cultural approach, reflecting global collaboration in the Chinese as a Second Language Research Association (CASLAR) community. Aiming to strengthen the theoretical foundations of language teaching, and advancing Chinese language teaching methodologies, this book is an essential resource for educators and students, as well as researchers.
People often 'miswant.' They buy goods that do not make them happy and refuse to buy goods that would make their lives better. In The Price of Happiness, Cass R. Sunstein focuses on people's 'willingness to pay,' which is the foundation for free markets. He argues that willingness to pay deserves respect, and high honors in the annals of history, when buyers know what they are getting. It's when buyers lack information, or suffer from behavioral biases, that they might miswant. Special conundrums also arise when we try to monetize goods we don't normally consider in monetary terms, like pristine areas, human dignity, and social media. Exploring behavioral biases and their effect on human welfare, Sunstein shows how behavioral economics can be used to increase human happiness.
The Cambridge History of the Irish Novel appears at a moment when the novel in Ireland is particularly vibrant, with new work by Irish novelists achieving global prominence. The Cambridge History of the Irish Novel offers the first full multi-author survey of the Irish novel to extend from the earliest Irish novels in the seventeenth century to the present. Each of its forty-seven chapters is written by a leading scholar in the field. Cutting across this chronological organisation, The Cambridge History of the Irish Novel also features more than 300 internal cross-references, allowing the reader to track, for instance, the recurrence of the gothic, or the transnational, across genres, across readerships, and across centuries. As such, The Cambridge History of the Irish Novel provides, quite simply, the most extensive view of one of the world's great cultures of the novel.