This chapter looks at a wide range of New York printers in a metropolis that had transformed itself from a one newspaper town into a veritable “City of Print” by the 1790s. By this time, numerous publishing concerns produced works across many fields of knowledge representing a wide range of positions, leading to one of the most cultivated and literate urban centers in the colonies. It was an age of clubs and associations, such as the Friendly Club, the Manumission Society, the Mechanics Society, and the New York Typographical Society, which also produced their own publications. In 1787 appeared an oration by Jupiter Hammon entitled “An Address to the Negroes in the State of New-York” that expounded on the means to achieve racial equality. In the midst of so many prints and papers doused in revolutionary ink also came a reaction to free and open discussion. With the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, New York papers became embroiled in a dispute now directed not against the British but against their political opponents. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Alexander Hamilton's defense of Harry Croswell in 1804, which led to the codification of state and federal law, permitting the criticism of public figures by media outlets.

Chapter 21 focuses on Mário de Andrade’s 1928 Macunaíma and explores the connection between the author and the Amazon. It does so by examining the novel alongside Andrade’s travel diary, which records his 1927 expedition to the Amazon from May to August. This diary was published posthumously in 1976 as O turista aprendiz. While earlier studies have primarily relied on ethnographic sources – especially Koch-Grünberg, but also João Barbosa Rodrigues, Capistrano de Abreu, and Couto de Magalhães – as the main influences on Andrade’s Macunaíma, this chapter adds a new dimension by bringing in Andrade’s own travel diary. It also places Andrade’s work in a broader context by referencing other Brazilian and foreign travelers to the Amazon, showing how he blended their accounts with his own experiences. In this way, O turista aprendiz acts as a kind of “anteroom” to Macunaíma, both complementing the novel and offering a key to understanding it.

Chapter 5 focuses on racial disparities in the social security disability programs, commencing with examination of a much-discussed, extensive 1992 US General Accounting Office study of the topic documenting unexplained racial disparities in Social Security Act disability approval decisions, followed by other General Accounting Office reports and other studies revealing additional racial disparities in aspects of Social Security Act disability adjudication. The chapter then contextualizes the disability standards and their statutory elements and processes and explores the social construction of disability thereunder. It also examines the socially constructed, nonbiological concept of race, as differentiated from class, and also the intersectionality of race and disability, to provide a theoretical and substantive framework for examination of bias in pain and symptomology assessments. It includes studies of misevaluation, mistreatment, and undertreatment of Black patients’ pain and subjective symptomology, including psychiatric conditions, by doctors, therapists, and other treatment professionals, along with subsequent Social Security Act Administrative Law Judge bias in decision-making. It also examines the racial impact of misevaluation of claimants with Sickle Cell Disease – a pain-producing condition disproportionately afflicting African Americans. The chapter concludes with a series of remedial recommendations for monitoring and ameliorating racial bias and racially disparate decision-making in Social Security Act disability adjudications.

Minerva Historicals told something like a sequential counter-history of England from the earliest attacks of the Vikings to the Monmouth Rebellion against Charles II in the late seventeenth century. Focusing on moments of crisis, conflict and war, they debated pressing contemporary issues of monarchical succession, political legitimacy, power, violence, loyalty, treason, ambition, war and civil war in disguised censor-evading ways. Centering their fiction on family relationships within and between noble or royal houses gave these histories a domestic cast, but this accurately reflected the historical reality of monarchical and baronial government before Parliament gained ascendancy over the royal household during the nineteenth century, and wrote women at all ranks back into history. The last section shows Anna Maria Mackenzie, Agnes Musgrave and anonymous others answering criticism of the genre by arguing the superior truth of historical fiction to supposedly “true” conjectural histories and teaching readers how to evaluate an historical narrative’s relation to fact.

In this chapter, we will briefly look at some topics germane to earlier chapters that did not otherwise fit. These topics would require full chapters, if not books, to cover in appropriate detail. Rather than provide full coverage, we will provide the reader a brief overview of the topics. We will begin with alternative proof systems for relevant logics (Section 13.2).

Euclides da Cunha’s Os sertões is a detailed account of the Canudos War (1896–97). It’s not fiction, but many writers have used it as a source for their stories. The most famous international example is Mario Vargas Llosa’s La guerra del fin del mundo, published in 1981. Chapter 7 also points out three other foreign novels and eleven Brazilian books that rely heavily on da Cunha’s work. Focusing mainly on text analysis, the chapter reviews the eleven Brazilian novels, from Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco’s Os jagunços (1898) to José Huguenin’s O vaqueiro e o jornalista (2018). Os sertões also influenced major classic works, including Graciliano Ramos’ Vidas secas (1938) and Guimarães Rosa’s Grande sertão: veredas, both shaped by da Cunha’s important essay.

The chapter completes my discussion of the inception of periodical publishing in asylums, by examining the histories of two of the first asylum periodicals published in America and Britain and their patient-founders: Barber Badger’s Retreat Gazette (Hartford Retreat in Connecticut, 1837) and John Reid Adam’s Chronicles of the Monastery (Glasgow Royal Asylum, 1842). It shows that the histories of early asylum periodicals were tightly intertwined with their founders’ fates, which was the major reason for the publications’ comparatively short runs. Furthermore, these founders were all patients with printing skills or, in the case of Adam, literary aspirations and willingness to learn, and the opportunity to print in the asylum played an important role in their lives and professional careers: for Badger, it was a way to continue providing for his family, while for Adam, institutionalisation constituted an apprenticeship that eventually enabled them to pursue a career in publishing beyond their discharge. Asylum periodicals allowed patients to apply their existing skills or gain new ones in the pursuit of their own aspirations and personal interests.

This chapter describes the book and its chapters. The second section shows how recent research in history of the book and history of reading discredits Romantic critics who pretended that Minerva Press fiction was third rate, empty of ideas and read only by ignorant females, and supports the public and private praise contemporaries gave many of them during the 1780s and 1790s. The third section uses the biographical work of three generations of modern feminist scholars to check Marotti-style big-data analyses and develop a profile of Lane’s many signing female regulars, most of whom wrote for him for ten years or more, and in practice formulated and developed Minerva genres

Chapter 8 charts the path toward The Great EdTech Pivot, arguing that meaningful change in educational technology depends on our collective agency across teachers, researchers, policymakers, developers, and families. It begins by positioning teacher training and professional preparation as essential levers for this transformation, ensuring educators can critically evaluate and effectively integrate technology. The chapter then introduces the evolution from EdTech 2.0 to EdTech 3.0, an emerging phase defined not only by evidence and accountability but also by intentional mindset shifts. These shifts include rethinking how EdTech research is conducted, redefining what counts as credible evidence, and embracing the science of learning as a universal anchor for design and evaluation. Through these paradigm shifts, access to high-quality EdTech is reframed as more than device availability and it becomes equitable access to tools proven to support learning. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the vital role of adults across the ecosystem in sustaining this pivot.

Unlike nineteenth-century National Tales, Minerva’s earlier versions adapted the Romance structure that Natasha Tessone calls “the Inheritance Plot.” to argue against, or sometimes for, Union. Welsh, Irish, Scottish and American National Tales by Anna Maria Bennett, Maria Hunter, Eliza Parsons, Frances Jacson and many anonymous others puffed the superiority of the Celtic fringe over the corrupt and villainous English, celebrated the happiness of endogamous marriages and recommended retreating from England into harmonious local communities in one’s native Welsh, Irish or Scottish country or emigrating to America. Susannah Rowson and Charles Brockden Brown adapted the same formula to offer a bleaker view of the Early Republic. The second section shows that though episodes of wandering occurred in all genres (because central to Romance), stories titled Wanderers’ Tales highlighted the evils of homelessness, especially for young ladies, and debated the consequences of distance in a world where Britons were perpetually on the move.

How did shiʿr al-ʿāmmiyya, or Egyptian colloquial poetry, emerge? And what is its significance within the broader context of Arabic literary tradition? While examples of colloquial verse like zajal and mawwāl existed early on, they were largely excluded from the recognized canon and thus marginalized. The rise of Egyptian cinema and radio in the mid twentieth century, however, helped popularize Egyptian ʿāmmiyya across the Arab world, making it a familiar and influential dialect. The growing acceptance of ʿāmmiyya in the 1950s, allowed the poets Fuad Haddad, al-Abnudi, and Salah Jahin to pioneer a new poetic movement that broke from classical forms, embracing modernist aesthetics and everyday language, giving voice to the lived experiences of ordinary people. In so doing, shiʿr al-ʿāmmiyya redefined the boundaries of Arabic poetic expression.

This chapter uses the twin rubrics of “state” and “sovereignty” to understand many of the most important or controversial aspects of ‘Alamgir’s forty-nine-year reign. What emerges is a portrait of a ruler who was, by turns, determined to restore law and order, protect social hierarchies, coopt or crush anyone who opposed his efforts, replenish the imperial treasury, and strengthen Mughal rule. Although ‘Alamgir mostly positioned himself as a typical Mughal emperor in terms of his sovereign self-expression, his style of renunciate sovereignty (at once Timurid and Islamic) radiated into the court and empire in distinctive ways. Ultimately, his decision to invade the Deccan in the early 1680s proved to be his and the Mughal Empire’s undoing. Against a backdrop of political and military failure, ‘Alamgir nonetheless held on to his throne. This chapter ends by arguing that his emergence as a living saint–emperor (Zinda Pir ‘Alamgir) was a key factor in his political survival.