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12003 results in Cambridge Handbooks

Page 552 of 601

  • 2.20 - Psychopathy

  • from Part II - Assessments
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 292-298

  • Summary

    Psychopathy is an important forensic construct, and a personality disorder, that is, a chronic disturbance in an individual's relations with self, others and their environment resulting in distress or failure to fulfill social roles and obligations. Those with psychopathic personality disorder (PPD) are not only pathologically dominant, but they may also suffer from attachment difficulties, being detached, uncommitted and unempathic. In terms of emotional functioning they can be characterized as lacking anxiety, empathy and emotional depth, while cognitively they may be suspicious, intolerant and inflexible. Critical features of the disorder include deceptiveness, impulsivity and failure to stick to rules, which can make those with PPD hard to interview, manage and monitor. Psychopathy and cognate constructs can be assessed using a variety of procedures, including self-report, clinical criteria or, most commonly in the forensic arena, the Psychopathy Checklist Revised and Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version.

  • 5.2 - Asylum seekers and refugees

  • from Part V - Psychology and civil law
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 588-595

  • Summary

    Psychologists and psychiatrists may be called upon to assess the mental state of asylum seekers and refugees with a view to their report being submitted for evidentiary purposes to an asylum adjudicator or an immigration tribunal. Asylum seekers must demonstrate that they have a well-founded fear of persecution by reason of race, religion, nationality or membership of a particular social group or because of their political opinion. Lustig reviewed the literature on child and adolescent refugee mental health, and summarized the empirical findings about prevalence of psychopathology relating to different groups of refugees. The assessment of credibility in claims by asylum seekers and refugees is a key concern for statutory agencies and judicial bodies determining the immigration status of asylum seekers and refugees. Recommendations for treatment interventions for children and adolescents include cognitive-behavioural therapy, narrative or testimonial therapies, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.

  • 3.8 - Rehabilitation of offenders

  • from Part III - Interventions
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 400-409

  • Summary

    In the field of penology, rehabilitation is usually specified by courts of law as one of the objectives of sentencing, alongside retribution, incapacitation, deterrence and restoration. The long-held consensus regarding the possibility of rehabilitation was questioned during the 1970s as a result of claims that there was no evidence that any kind of intervention had proven effective in reducing subsequent reoffending. Rehabilitation effect sizes are larger for adolescent and for adult offenders. Rehabilitative endeavours are most likely to succeed when they are based on a theory of criminal behaviour that is conceptually clear and has firm empirical support. Rehabilitative efforts work better if they have clear, concrete objectives, their contents are structured, and there is a focus on activity and the acquisition of skills. Personnel involved in delivering them should possess high-quality relational skills and foster supportive, collaborative working within clearly defined boundaries.

  • 8.3 - Drawing out the meaning in data:

  • from Part VIII - Research practice
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 803-812

  • Summary

    Within forensic psychology research, MDS has had its most notable impact on offender profiling. This chapter provides an introduction to multidimensional scaling (MDS), and describes its use and utility within forensic psychology research. It also provides some examples of the application of MDS, one of which is its usage to the multivariate nature of sexual assault behaviour. A form of MDS known as partial order scalogram analysis with coordinates (POSAC) has been used to establish that the shape of criminal networks can vary greatly, and identify that the strictness of hierarchy within a network is related to aspects of group communication. MDS techniques have also been used to examine psychometric test structure. Researchers have explored the latent structure of psychopathy as appraised via the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), in which an underlying facet structure is observed that is consistent with theory. However, the full utility of MDS approach remains underappreciated.

  • 4.8 - Murder:

  • from Part IV - Psychology and criminal behaviour
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 527-534

  • Summary

    Murder is a complex phenomenon that encompasses legal, psychological and investigative considerations. The main purpose of the various legal standards, specifically the degree of murder based on intentionality, is to assign punishment; the more intent involved, the greater the amount of punishment awarded. Psychiatric murderers are mentally disturbed, psychotic, or mentally retarded. Murders as a result of psychological disorders include various types of homicides such as sociogenic homicides, situational murders, homicides committed by impulsive offenders, and catathymic homicides. Compulsive murders stem from internal psychogenic sources; the need to commit the act is compelling, and there is a high likelihood of repetition. Another approach to understanding and classifying murder has been utilized by law enforcement and is based mainly on crime-scene characteristics. Categories of murder commonly used in the investigative approach are sexual murders, serial murders, mass murders, and spree killings.

  • 1.15 - Therapeutic jurisprudence

  • from Part I - Psychological underpinnings
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 126-132

  • Summary

    Therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ) explores the effect of law, legal processes, legal institutions and legal actors upon the wellbeing of those affected by them. Offender rehabilitation is a prominent area of application of TJ. TJ has also filled a gap in legal thought and the law in action. It soon became apparent that TJ was relevant to other areas of the law. Although almost all of the early TJ scholarship originated in the United States, increasingly it is the subject of international development. A promising development is the beginning of TJ writings in various languages. TJ is now beginning to influence the nature and content of courses offered at law schools and judicial training programmes and materials. It has developed rapidly from its roots in mental health law to become an important vehicle for interdisciplinary research into the effect of the law on psychological wellbeing.

  • 8.4 - Evaluation of systemic interventions

  • from Part VIII - Research practice
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 813-819

  • Summary

    Systemic psychotherapists work therapeutically with individuals, couples and families, and offer consultation and systemic interventions with teams, agencies and organizations. The overwhelming findings from the research reviews and meta-analytic studies is that family therapy works compared to untreated control groups, with some demonstrated superiority to standard and individual treatments for certain disorders and populations. This chapter provides a list of people and problems who have found to benefit both clinically and significantly from the couples and family systemic psychotherapies compared to no psychotherapy; the list includes marital/couple distress and conflict, and outpatient depressed women in distressed marriages. Family therapy seems to be more cost-effective than standard inpatient/residential treatment for schizophrenia and severe adolescent conduct disorders and delinquency. Visits by family members to primary healthcare practitioners were reduced following family therapy intervention. The chapter ends with a discussion on the methodological problems and innovations which set the challenge for the future.

  • 6.12 - Occupational stress in police and prison staff

  • from Part VI - Special topics
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 707-717

  • Summary

    This chapter discusses specific elements of job demands, control and support commonly associated with occupational stress for police and prison workers. It first presents antecedents of occupational stress which can be classified into eight categories. The psychological impact of acute stressors (traumatic events) is well documented. The consequences of chronic occupational stress (daily hassles) in police and prison officers are also well established and span four categories of individual outcomes: physiological, psychological, social and behavioural; these are discussed in the chapter. Common moderators of occupational stress include perceived levels of support and job control, gender, age and personality characteristics such as neuroticism. Police and prison services most commonly use individual-level secondary and tertiary interventions, usually peer-support officers or trained professionals, to manage stress within the service. Two of the most common stress management strategies are Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) and Employee Assistance Programmes (EAPs).

  • 2.18 - Polygraphy

  • from Part II - Assessments
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 276-282

  • Summary

    The polygraph is closely associated with lie detection. A polygraph examination starts with a lengthy pre-test interview in which the questions to be asked during the test itself are determined, and the 'psychological set' is established. The individual is then asked a small number of questions to which 'yes' or 'no' responses are required while attached to the polygraph instrument, and data are recorded. This is followed by a post-test interview during which any significant responses are discussed. This may then develop into formal interrogation. Polygraph proponents argue that the polygraph has substantial utility because of its ability to elicit disclosures from examinees, and acts as a deterrent to those who might engage in problematic behaviour. They also argue that when used by well-trained examiners and interpreted in conjunction with other techniques of information gathering, it can both assist in detecting deception and facilitate the disclosure of relevant information.

  • 6.9 - Malingering:

  • from Part VI - Special topics
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 683-689

  • Summary

    Malingering is not a diagnosis, but is a V-code classification that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of other disorders. This chapter discusses the prevalence of malingering and construct drift, and the assessment of malingering. Rogers (2008) described the major advancements in malingering evaluations, which progressed from idiosyncratic case methods and scale differences on psychological measures to systematic detection strategies. The chapter provides a sampling of detection strategies for feigned mental disorders and feigned cognitive impairment. In closing, determinations of malingering are complex multifaceted assessments that involve (1) the selection of a malingering domain, (2) administration of well-validated measures to evaluate detection strategies systematically and (3) careful investigation of different motivations. Most practitioners use the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) and one multiscale inventory (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) or Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)) in their determinations of feigning.

  • 8.7 - Randomized control trials

  • from Part VIII - Research practice
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 837-842

  • Summary

    In field research, randomized studies are relatively uncommon in criminological research as they encompass a range of ethical, legal and practical difficulties. Randomized control trials (RCTs) are the optimum choice when the integrity of the intervention can be precisely controlled. Analysis based on initial allocation to condition within an RCT, regardless of whether the treatment was actually delivered, is called intention to treat (ITT). Alternatively, analysis based on treatment received (TR), considers outcomes when treatment is completed. Quasi-experimental designs offer an alternative to an experimental design by maintaining internal validity through methodological or statistical control of differences between experimental and control conditions. Weisburd, Lum and Petrosino compared outcomes from fully randomized studies and other experimental designs in crime prevention studies. Weisburd and his colleagues noted an inverse relationship between research design and outcome, suggesting that non-randomized designs may introduce a bias in favour of treatment.

  • 1.8 - Investigative decision making

  • from Part I - Psychological underpinnings
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 73-80

  • Summary

    Investigative decision making sits largely within the academic disciplines of cognitive and social psychology though it is also allied to criminology and sociology. It is an eclectic field of study based on scientific, empirical research. Investigative decision making draws on a lengthy body of research of general decision theory stretching back centuries. Some features of human decision making hold across any context, so traditional decision-making theory (TDT) findings are applicable to investigative decision making. As with other theories and models associated with generic decision making, game theory has a contribution to make to investigative decision making. Unlike TDT, naturalistic decision-making approaches take more account of the context in which decision makers operate. In TDT studies, participants in a lab study may be asked to decide which choices are more (or less) attractive. Investigative decision making has evolved from and is still influenced by early decision theory.

  • 3.13 - Rehabilitating violent offenders

  • from Part III - Interventions
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 441-452

  • Summary

    Violent offender interventions are still more intuitively than empirically driven. The most important goal of interventions with violent offenders is to reduce reoffending risk. This chapter provides general principles of intervention for violent offenders: the risk principle, risk and treatment intensity; criminogenic needs; and responsivity issues. It then considers how to judge whether programme evaluation designs are effective or not, and then discusses two types of programmes: low-intensity anger management programmes and high-intensity multifactorial programmes. Positive psychology approaches such as Good Lives model (GLM) provide an important humanistic counterweight to pressure on some programmes to integrate politically driven punitive agendas into their practices. The chapter also presents a case example of violent offender intervention: the Rimutaka Violence Prevention Programme (RVPU), which is a ten-year-old thirty-bed medium-secure unit in a large prison near Wellington, New Zealand.

  • 4.4 - Domestic violence

  • from Part IV - Psychology and criminal behaviour
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 492-501

  • Summary

    The term domestic violence has been routinely used to describe a pattern of abuse within adult intimate relationships, which is typically perpetrated by men against women, with at its core the maintenance of male power and control over women. The debate as to gender symmetry in intimate partner abuse has been greatly informed by the work of Johnson, who proposed that in fact there may be more than one type of intimate partner violence, one which is referred to as 'common couple violence'. The level of alcohol dependence appears higher within domestic violence perpetrators and the level of mental health difficulties reported also seems higher. The assaults tend to take place within the context of jealousy, separation and childcare issues. Interventions in domestic violence have been greatly informed by the 'Duluth' model of intervention, although wider cognitive behavioural perspectives are also employed.

  • 2.10 - Mental health

  • from Part II - Assessments
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 215-220

  • Summary

    The main parts of a psychiatric assessment are the psychiatric history and the mental state examination. The latter covers signs and symptoms elicited at an interview, while the former uses information from the person assessed, and often from informants. The assessment is then completed by a physical examination and further investigations, including blood tests and occasionally brain scans. Many assessments take a chronological approach to this, with details on the family, followed by personal history. Any associations with drug and alcohol misuse and mental health problems should be enquired about. A final part of the psychiatric history is an assessment of personality. An important part of any assessment in prison is the personal safety of the interviewer and arrangements should be put in place for potential problems. The main topics to be addressed in any assessment include diagnosis, impact on self, and immediate risks including to self and others.

  • 6.2 - Bullying among prisoners

  • from Part VI - Special topics
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 630-637

  • Summary

    This chapter first traces the origin and development of bullying among prisoners, with first study having been published in 1996, followed by 27 more between 1999 and 2007. The DIPC SCALED is a multiple-indicator method of assessing bullying behaviour which requires respondents to indicate the frequency at which the perpetration/victimization has occurred. Although conclusions can be reliably drawn in relation to the nature and extent of bullying, further work is required before definite conclusions can be drawn; the chapter presents four areas in this direction. There are a number of clear applications that can be drawn from the acquired knowledge on prison bullying. Some examples of how the research findings/theoretical models can be applied in practice are listed in the chapter. Interventions managing prisoner bullying need to attend to the empirical literature and theory base. Ill-informed intervention approaches beyond the expectations of the existing literature need to be avoided.

  • 2.24 - Suicide risk in adolescents and adults

  • from Part II - Assessments
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 327-334

  • Summary

    In the United States over 30,000 people commit suicide each year. The two age groups of primary concern are young adults between the ages of 19 and 25, and those over the age of 65 years. Because suicide is an emotionally charged, highly stigmatized event there may be an inherent unwillingness in the families of the deceased to acknowledge it as such. Risk factors for suicide vary according to gender, age, culture and other factors. Some risk factors are specific to adolescents. Suicide is not a single behaviour, and has many determinants and complexities. It is believed that the greater the number of risk factors present, the higher the potential for suicide. The diagnosis and treatment of individuals at high risk of suicide would be greatly improved if clinicians and educators were aware of relevant risk factors that predispose and precipitate suicidal behaviour.

  • 6.3 - Child soldiers

  • from Part VI - Special topics
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 638-644

  • Summary

    The phenomenon of using children in armed conflict as soldiers has received increasing attention through the important study of the impact of war on children by Machel. One of the common tasks assigned to children is to serve as porters, often carrying very heavy loads of up to 60 kilograms, including ammunition or injured soldiers. Child soldiers are often both physically and psychologically abused. Some children are also sexually abused, and forced to abuse others. Sexual violence not only causes emotional problems, but can also cause important physical problems such as HIV/AIDS. Reintegration of former child soldiers into their community and society might be hampered significantly through public reactions of revenge, stigmatization and even rejection. Long-term exposure to extreme experiences, such as killings, rape, fights, mutilation, can make it very difficult for these children and adolescents to adapt again to the 'normal' way of life in society.

  • 4.2 - Criminal careers

  • from Part IV - Psychology and criminal behaviour
  • Edited by Jennifer M. Brown, London School of Economics and Political Science, Elizabeth A. Campbell, University of Glasgow
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    29 April 2010, pp 475-483

  • Summary

    A criminal career is basically a sequence of offences committed at different ages. It has a beginning, an end and a career length in between. This chapter talks about the prevalence, individual offending frequency, the onset of criminal career research, age of desistance, and offence and practice of criminal careers. Only a certain proportion of each birth cohort commits offences and has a criminal career, and a small fraction of offenders commit a large fraction of all offences. During their careers, offenders commit crimes at a certain rate while they are at risk of offending in the community. For offenders who commit several offences, it is possible to investigate to what extent they specialize in certain types of crimes. It is also important to investigate to what extent crimes are committed alone or with others. The chapter concludes with a brief on the policy implications of criminal career research.

Page 552 of 601