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This chapter surveys the history of the Quaker Peace Testimony (QPT), explores challenges of defining peace, and uses an original model to explain how modern QPT is of two sorts, ‘war abolishing’ and ‘conflict-transforming’. It describes some current expressions of QPT, including examples from the authors’ countries, Canada and Korea, and closes with some challenges, as Friends seek to maintain their witness for peace into the future.
This chapter focuses on non-theist perspectives, including non-theist publications as well as non-theist writings within Universalist publications. This chapter includes: a discussion on ways which non-theists have chosen to define themselves; interpretations of Quaker history and identity; assessments of the priority of reason and Quaker practice as core aspects of both theist and non-theist Quakerism; and a potential outline for a unique a/theology for non-theism, including avenues where non-theist Friends have demonstrated efforts to bridge the theist/non-theist divide, and potential areas of future development in non-theist thought.
The Quakers (or Friends) today are a global faith, highly distinctive in their theological emphases and practice, and comprised of different branches. The recent history has been one of schism, diversification, mission and varying degrees of intra-denominational ecumenism. For all but a few Quakers, there still exists a ‘world family of Friends’, rooted in both an historical tradition of faith, practice and witness that transcends doctrinal, liturgical and political diversity.
Over the course of the nineteenth century, Quakerism was transformed. A united body in 1808, Friends had split into three branches by 1860. In 1808, Friends adhered to a lifestyle that served as a “hedge” against “the world,” a distinctive spirituality, and a unique form of worship. By 1920, that unity had disappeared, with little agreement on most matters of Quaker faith and practice.
Friends’ attitudes to literary works have altered substantially from the inception of the movement to the present day. While early Friends believed that writing should be simple and honest -- and, consequently, that artful genres were at best frivolous and at worst diabolical -- many Quakers today believe that God is immanent in all forms of human expression. Recent Quaker writers have written novels, ghost stories, murder mysteries, science fiction and experimental poetry, all literary forms that earlier Friends would have denounced as profane or vain.
The growth of Quakerism in the Majority World, and of evangelicalism within Quakerism, parallels the larger trend in global Christianity, in which the numerical center of Christianity has moved outside of Western contexts and is dominated by evangelical spirituality. This chapter examines evangelical Friends in their present day situation in three primary sections. The first section defines evangelicalism generally and then applies that definition to evangelical Friends, tracing their development over time. The second section identifies the main ecclesial bodies populated by evangelical Quakers, their primary responsibilities and missions, and their prominence around the world. The final main section discusses the differences and similarities between evangelical Friends and the wider Quaker communion.
This chapter gives a current overview of the Quaker presence in Europe and the Middle East. It includes a focus on Norway as a case study of European Quaker life with additional insights from the other Nordic countries.
In the era of global Quakerism after 1920, new bitter theological debates arose during the century producing more organic schism, whilst at the same time old wounds were healed bringing together again meetings long divided. Two world wars renewed a call to peace-making and humanitarianism among all Friends resulting in a Nobel Peace Prize, but little common ground was found on what theology constituted grounds for outreach and service. Quakers in the Global South experienced phenomenal growth, and the future promise for Friends now lies in that region as the number of adherents in traditional British and U.S. strongholds wane.
This chapter explores Quakers’ thinking about how day-to-day choices of objects and behaviours might best reflect their theology. The guiding concepts of what founding Friends spoke of as “plain” or “unostentatious,” have remained an important touchstone of Quakers’ vocabulary and identity for more than three centuries. Over time, the language, interpretations, and implications of those concepts have been reshaped by region, culture, and circumstance. With consideration to the international context of Quakerism, we examine distinctive ideas, speech, clothing, building design, and other markers of what Quakers called “outward” customs, as a way of reflecting their “inward” religious commitment.
In this chapter, the sector of Quakerism labelled as ‘convergent Friends’ is explored linguistically, historically, and in terms of how they manifests today within contemporary Western Quakerism. Convergent Friends, fueled by the use of social media, combine insights from the emerging church movement and traditional understandings of the Quaker faith in order to hold both conservative and emergent impulses in tension with dialogue around differences present within modern Quakerism.
In this chapter we will give a brief overview of Latin American Friends, beginning with a case study of the history of Cuban Friends. We will then explore the question many have asked, “How Quaker are these churches?”
This chapter begins with an account of a spiritual renewal among Friends that draws on a recovery of historic Quaker practices through the influence of Friends from the Conservative branch of Quakers and how this has enhanced the inward lives of other-than-Conservative Friends. This chapter then turns to the topic of contemporary Friends who have gone a step beyond drawing inspiration from the spirituality of other traditions, to the point of actively identifying with more than one religious community.
With particular concern for the complex interplay between unity and fractiousness in this region, this chapter profiles the three largest branches of North American Quakers: Friends General Conference, the most liberal branch; Friends United Meeting, which serves a mixed group of Quaker liberals and evangelicals; and the Evangelical Friends Church International, a clear voice for Evangelical Friends. Western Yearly Meeting, composed of meetings affiliated with Friends United Meeting located in Western Indiana and Illinois, is the subject of a case study for this chapter.