The aim of this chapter is twofold: we first give a full description of those weights β = (βn)n≥0 such that the composition operators Cϕ are bounded on the weighted Hardy space H2(β) for all symbols ϕ (analytic self-maps of D).

This introduction examines the central role of antagonistic political emotions in contemporary politics, challenging traditional assumptions about what makes emotions antagonistic. While emotions like anger, hatred and contempt are typically viewed as paradigmatically antagonistic, this volume demonstrates how seemingly positive emotions of allegiance – such as admiration and pride – can function antagonistically, and how non-hostile emotions like loneliness and doubt can drive political polarisation. We argue that antagonistic political emotions operate dialectically, placing us simultaneously for, against and together. Drawing on insights from political philosophy, social psychology and emotion theory, the introduction structures the edited volume into five key themes: (i) emotional politics and political emotions, (ii) hostile antagonistic political emotions, (iii) complicating antagonistic narratives, (iv) unmasking antagonism and (v) spaces of antagonism.

Culture and emotion are two of the fundamental mechanisms for human adaptation to the natural and social environment. Culture provides informational resources that help a human population adapt to environmental regularities, whereas emotion provides informational resources that help adaptation to environmental perturbations. In this chapter, we speculate on micro-to-macro cultural dynamics under societal threats, namely, when a population experiences recurrent large-scale perturbations. We first piece together individual-level micro-cultural dynamics under societal threat – encoding, storage, and transmission of cultural information when a large proportion of a population is threatened with potential adverse effects by natural challenges, such as extreme weather events and pandemics, or by social challenges, such as wars and conflicts. We then speculate how these processes may give rise to macro-level cultural dynamics under recurrent societal threats by transforming cultural scripts to cope with societal challenges.

At present, signed graphs with a small number of distinct eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix remain largely undetermined, even in the case of just two eigenvalues. This chapter presents the current state of knowledge, focusing on signed graphs that possess at most four eigenvalues. Detailed constructions are provided, along with an in-depth analysis of the interplay between spectral properties and graph structure. Complete characterizations are given for particular signed graphs with two eigenvalues, including various classes such as signed line graphs. In addition, it is shown that the signed line graph of a regular signed doubled graph possesses exactly two eigenvalues. The discussion is further extended to regular signed graphs with three or four eigenvalues, as well as signed graphs with a small number of net Laplacian eigenvalues, highlighting both theoretical results and illustrative examples.

Throughout most of the twentieth century, a writer with the last name “Du Bois” helped articulate the shifting contours and geographies of Pan African and Black anti-imperialist literature. This chapter charts the evolving understanding of Black anti-imperialism within evolving geopolitical conjunctures in W.E.B. Du Bois’s, Dark Princess; Shirley Graham Du Bois’s journal articles, short biographies, and political speeches; and David Graham Du Bois’s novel …And Bid Him Sing. This Du Bois genealogy exemplifies the shifting terrain of Pan-African literature and the politics of Black anti-imperialism in the era of Three Worlds. The chapter tracks the awakening of Black anti-imperialism in the context of global 1930s, the Third World terrain of the 1950s, and the African American Third World left of the 1960s and beyond.

By 2022, social media platforms had become more prominent access points to news than traditional news media platforms. Although news media also draw benefits from online platforms, they find themselves in an increasingly asymmetric relationship that appears to harm journalists and new media’s ability to generate revenues online. Remedying the uneven playing field between big tech and news media has been a recurring ambition of European media policy. In the context of literature on corporate political activity, this chapter investigates how three big tech companies, Alphabet, Meta and Microsoft, have positioned themselves in relation to EU policymaking that aims to strengthen the rights of journalists, news media and press publishers online. The chapter argues that while these big tech companies primarily seek to preserve their own business models and reputations, the media policy domain also reveals a split in their lobby narratives. Due to lower exposure to reforms in digital media policy, Microsoft has been less opposed to, and in fact has campaigned for, stronger protection for news media against digital platforms.

This chapter examines the underexplored role of affective doubt in contemporary political polarisation and marginalisation. We distinguish between two forms of affective doubt: doubting feelings and feeling doubtful. The first involves questioning the appropriateness or authenticity of emotional responses, while the second refers to doubt itself as an embodied feeling of tension and uncertainty. We analyse how affective doubt operates antagonistically across structural, interpersonal and intrapersonal levels, contributing to polarisation through phenomena such as emotion policing and gaslighting. Drawing on cases from Black Lives Matter protests to experiences of internalised homophobia, we demonstrate how doubt can be weaponised to silence marginalised voices and undermine political agency. However, we conclude by noting doubt’s potential for critical resistance and emancipatory politics, suggesting that affective doubt, while often oppressive, may also foster critical awareness of our emotional situatedness.

Chapter 1 assesses the evidence beyond the charter corpus for literary activity in Kent, Mercia and Wessex in the mid-ninth century. This evidence comprises five categories: surviving manuscripts with contemporary English provenances, letters, inscribed objects, the events of the 850s, and Asser’s account of King Alfred’s childhood engagement with books. The importance of understanding survival patterns and the nature of the evidence is stressed, particularly because attempts were rarely made to preserve letters for posterity, and because different ways of engaging with books and inscribed objects generated varyingly large fingerprints for twenty-first-century eyes. Asser’s famous account, furthermore, needs to be approached with caution, though it does in several ways align with the impression of literary activity that one gets from mid-ninth-century sources. A good deal remains unknown about many of the contexts in which literary activity took place, but it is nonetheless clear that the written word was conspicuous in many mid-ninth-century social settings, despite the likelihood that in some contexts resources for new literary productions were limited. Much of this literary culture was fundamentally social, and it was often inspired by international exchange.

In this chapter, we adapt two concepts from the theory of ordinary graphs to the setting of signed graphs. A signed graph is called integral if its spectrum consists entirely of integers. Two signed graphs are said to be cospectral if they are switching non-isomorphic yet share the same spectrum. In both cases, the term ‘spectrum’ refers to the eigenvalues of a prescribed matrix associated with the signed graph. Integral signed graphs are studied within the class of graphs with vertex degree at most four, with a complete classification provided for those with degree at most three. Numerous sporadic constructions of cospectral signed graphs are considered, alongside two basic operations transferred from the domain of ordinary graphs: GM-switching and WQH-switching, both of which produce signed graphs with identical spectra. As a central result, a pivotal and distinguishing construction is presented that consistently generates cospectral signed graphs, representing a fundamental phenomenon unique to the domain of signed graphs. A survey of signed graphs that do not have a cospectral pair is given at the end of the chapter.

This introduction offers an overview of the evolving role of artificial intelligence in civil dispute resolution, discussing current developments against the background of broader technological, regulatory and institutional contexts. It examines the dual forces of genuine innovation and persistent hype, clarifies the book’s open and technology-neutral definition of AI, and articulates an equally broad conception of civil dispute resolution encompassing adjudicative but also consensual, formal but also informal mechanisms. The introduction also outlines the book’s comparative ambition and structural organisation, ultimately framing AI as a transformative yet contested actor whose integration into justice systems demands careful, context-sensitive governance.

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) presents new challenges and opportunities for the judiciary. This chapter analyses the impact of the EU’s AI Act on the use of AI systems by judicial authorities in Europe, in particular with regard to their classification as high-risk AI systems. In doing so, the chapter examines practical use cases to illustrate the obligations that judicial authorities may face as deployers and providers.