The conclusion summarizes chapter findings and brings them in mutual conversation. This is focused on assessing the nature of integration in Shiʿite-European interactions, substantiating the thesis on European Shiʿism, of peripheral engagement and religious retention. Assimilation defined in the introduction as a negative value distribution for cultural maintenance and outgroup relations (following Berry’s model) has few empirical referents among Shiʿite organizations in Europe, while segregation – assessing outgroup relations negatively and cultural maintenance positively - was associated with a particular historical moment. Integration, to the contrary - where both variables are positively valued or pursued – is a dominant occurrence, but it matters to discern in each case what drives it. Contrary to externalist views, European Shiʿism is held to emerge through a religious mode of engagement, involving hierarchizations of collective self and other identities. Shiʿite parties further removed or with greater independence from the high centres religious authority abroad are more likely to engage in cultural exchange with their European milieu. On the one side stands the mainstream of Shiʿite organizational life that often demonstrates bracketed, provisional, or otherwise limited formal engagement of others in Europe. The other shows striking cases of civic outreach, ritual transformation, and integrationist theology.

This chapter analyzes upcycling through an economic lens. First, it discusses the similarities and differences between resale, recycling, and upcycling from an economic perspective. Next, it analyzes the incentives for producers in the primary market to engage with these markets further down the lifecycle of a product. The author argues that companies with sufficient market power in their primary market often have an incentive to try to control such aftermarkets, particularly in the case of resale or upcycling, in order to price discriminate in the primary market or to reduce competition in their primary market. Subsequently, the chapter discusses the role of IPRs in this and analyzes from a normative economic perspective (incentive rationale for IPRs), whether IPRs should grant producers control over resale and upcycling.

While ethnicity remains the bedrock of Shiʿite organization, it is overlain with religio-political identities. This chapter treats a Europe-wide organization in the quadrant of marjaʿiyat-oriented bodies that are pro-velāyat-e faqih (the Ettehādiye). As this alignment suggests East-West, top-down religious transmission (the ‘model’), the question arises of whether it precludes European identity. Two cases of clerical organizations are cited, one associated with Ayatollah Fāzel-Lankerāni, that recognize the relevance of European particularity – as in stronger ecumenist than sectarian self-presentation. The picture is further complicated by a dissection of authority and identity flows in the lay Iranian student Ettehādiye, or ‘Union.’ Among the Union’s peculiarities (‘modes’ of European Shiʿism) were grassroots initiative and Islamist vanguard formation. The political clergy were its lodestar, but none controlled the Union before the Iranian revolution. When incorporation followed, reformism emerged within its ranks, imagining an alternative religio-political system. Even within this cluster of Shiʿite organizations, in other words, ‘crossflows of identity and authority’ occur. But where European inspiration travelled up and East post-1979, it was not a match for Islamic Republican control of the organization. Unlike the civic cases of the first chapter, its struggles remain internal, focused on Iranian state politics, and distant from Shiʿite-European interaction.

Chapter 1 examines Yugoslavia’s abrupt postwar political reorganization – from a prospering kingdom to a restrictive communist state – and the impact this new political structure had on all spheres of cultural life. In the new communist Yugoslavia, avant-garde interwar composers had to carefully navigate the challenges of restricted travel, virtually no contact with the outside world, and constraints mandated by the newly implemented doctrine of socialist realism. These impediments marked the first fifteen postwar years as the most challenging for Yugoslav composers. Socialist realism stood in direct opposition to freedom of artistic expression, innovation, and modernism, which they had been exploring across European music centers. It mandated that artists create works that conveyed the communist-socialist message of rebuilding the nation through unity and brotherhood, art that had to speak directly to the “masses.” This chapter surveys the Yugoslavian version of socialist realism – “moderated modernism” – offers a history of complex regional alliances and territorial divisions among Serbs, Slovenes, and Croats, and examines the composers’ search for a pan-Yugoslav musical identity.

Whereas it is natural, when one studies a class of operators on a Banach or a Fréchet space, to try and describe the spectrum of elements of this class, we will devote little space to that question in this book (in the case of composition operators), essentially for three reasons:

Upcycling involves the creative reuse of materials that implicate a range of IPRs. Analyzed within the parameters of exhaustion, upcycling in practice illustrates the potential for the exhaustion doctrine in unleashing creativity through reusing and repurposing works. But this potential is limited by the existing contours of exhaustion, specifically its roots in the distribution rights and its uncertain expansion into repair and reconstruction. These limitations within the exhaustion doctrine are magnified through the overlap of rights in upcycled works: copyright with trademark, trademark with design rights. This chapter sets forth the policies underlying recognition of upcycling as permitted use within the contours of exhaustion and overlapping IPR’s. Overlap does not accrete the rights of IP owners or subtract the rights of follow-on creators. Instead, upcycling invites a rethinking of the dynamic of creative ecosystems marked by the reality of markets, transformative creations, and the needs of creative communities. The chapter also critically examining the policies raised by upcycling mandates challenging the linear model of IP dissemination which traces the origin of works to the owner of broadly defined IPRs.

A brief afterword considers the imperial moment in which the volume was prepared for production alongside the volume’s collectively told story about empire and American letters—a story that also points to some of the most exciting new directions in literary studies more broadly.

This concluding chapter reiterates the main contributions of the book. Growth in most African countries has been characterised by a transformation from low-value agriculture to low-value services. As a result, structural transformation has remained largely elusive within Africa. Services has been the fastest-growing sector on the continent. Rwanda is unique among rapidly growing African countries in explicitly focusing on becoming a services hub. Using the case of Rwanda, this book shows that contemporary late development, which is more dependent on services, results in more transnational forms of dependence and political contestation than experienced in prior experiences of late development. The book ends with thoughts about the future of Rwanda. It argues that in the immediate short term, any instability will depend on what happens in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In the long term, Rwanda’s political stability depends not on the government’s capacity to contain domestic popular mobilisation alone but on the capacity of transnational coalitions of dissident elites and external actors capitalising on existing horizontal inequalities to challenge the Rwandan Patriotic Front rule.

This chapter concentrates on the ways that writers improvised with the discourse of what Amy Kaplan first described as “manifest domesticity”—a discourse pressing domestic life in the US into the service of empire-building. Their improvisations are a courageous attempt to do nothing less than insert queer lives into the national narrative. Beginning with Walt Whitman’s antebellum fiction, the chapter takes readers all the way into the twentieth century, collating a wide range of writers (some canonical, others now obscure) who shared an interest in queer lives avant la lettre—before, that is, same-sex desire was codified and transformed into an identity rather than a behavior. What emerges astonishes the twenty-first–century’s commonsense of nineteenth-century America: a culture surprisingly open-minded about non-normative desires that is, in many ways, less restrictive than our own; models of domesticity that challenge, rather than reinforce, the rapacious elements of empire; gay sex published and, in some cases, canonized.

The European Union’s (EU) media policy balances harmonising regulations across Member States with national autonomy. Traditional audiovisual media is heavily regulated, but digital media formats and user-generated content add complexity to policy frameworks. Public service broadcasters (PSBs), guided by the Amsterdam Protocol, have aimed to promote pluralism and public interest while grappling with market distortions due to public funding. Many PSBs have evolved into public service media (PSM), with websites and presence on third-party platforms. Member States face challenges defining PSB mandates amid technological changes and commercial competition, exacerbated by advertising revenue shifting to global platforms. Additionally, ‘information disorders’ such as disinformation and hate speech have pressured the EU to find ways to safeguard a healthy media environment. Media capture, where governments control propaganda outlets, further threatens democratic communication. The European Media Freedom Act recognises PSM as crucial to democracy, mandating editorial independence and proper funding. Yet implementation and governance lie with Member States, leading to varied outcomes. This chapter offers case studies from Finland and Hungary to illustrate how the lack of specific guidance for PSM challenges the information resilience of national media landscapes. The chapter argues for EU-wide guidelines to foster national and EU-wide resilience.