Greek melic poetry is characterized by its pragmatic features. It is thus natural to find strong differentiation within it: this is what we mean by the word genre in this context. Pindar’s genres are distinguished by their occasion, whether ‘secular’ or cultic; by their mode of performance; and by the identity of the chorus. These distinctive elements could overlap to produce hybrids. When Pindar’s oeuvre was gathered and catalogued during the Alexandrian period, each ode needed to be sorted into a ‘genre’, as indicated by its dominant characteristics. Of the seventeen books into which Pindar’s work was subdivided, the four books of epinicians have reached us practically intact by way of medieval transmission; of the other books, fragments of various lengths come from the papyri or indirect transmission, posing very different problems. In the case of the papyri, the main difficulty lies in the material conditions of fragmentation and legibility. When it comes to indirect transmission, we must consider the intentions of the quotation and the reliability of the witnesses, which is greater if stylistic or grammatical in nature, lesser if philosophical or otherwise ideological.

The introductory chapter presents an overview of the classical doctrine of civil war and discusses some of the reasons for studying them. It argues that some doctrine of civil war is an inevitable component of any international legal system. Observing how the doctrine of civil war that existed in the age of sail and steam has come to seem rather opaque and remote in the present day, this study aims to offer modern readers a valuable review of that past tradition and to help them remember how such a doctrine once came to be and what happened to it. At the same time, the purpose of the book is not to argue for a revival of or return to the classical law, but rather to better understand the aspirations and limitations of the law of past generations, which may not be too unlike those of our own times.

Quintilian suggests that law be learned in significant part a comicis, from the usages, customs and comedies of everyday life. Starting out from the theatrical and foundational form of a legal dialogue between sovereign and philosopher on pedagogy, the body, letters and images, this chapter examines the fabrication of common law in terms of what the barrister Blount coined as comediography (comœdiographus). In whirl and jig, lawyers and playwrights of comedies share a trajectory from conflict to resolution, disruption to decision, that provides a harmonious conclusion for the audience if not necessarily the actors.

We derive various interlacing results under particular manipulations of graphs and simplicial complexes, such as contraction, duplication, or graph doubling. We also define asymptotic spectral classes using the Wasserstein distance.

In this chapter, we will discuss how to implement the graph processes we have defined elsewhere in this book. The fundamental implementation obstacle is that for practical applications, the graphs one desires to use can be very large.

The attraction of using artificial intelligence (AI) to support judicial decision-making in the administrative context is obvious, but the considerations used for judicial review of algorithmic decision-making (ADM) ought also to be applied to judicial use of ADM in order to ensure its fair and optimal use. This chapter focuses on the UK experience to argue that five factors should be considered: (1) the potential for a particular area to be technologically justiciable; (2) the definition of a fair procedure and the need to choose the model or form of automation to fit the particular purpose and context of the system; (3) the need for gisting, wherever it is important to provide contestability of the system; (4) the iterative adoption of technology at a macro level, with a proportionate right to individual-level accuracy at the micro level; and (5) the need for safeguards on the use of data from one area in another. The availability of these insights in public law has the capacity to inform our choices, not only in the administrative justice context, but also across the board.

The fifth chapter examines the European Union’s course correction since the late 2000s, which is characterised by a paradigm shift away from market-oriented liberalisation towards a comprehensive security orientation. Empirically, the chapter is dedicated to EU crisis management between 2009 and 2025, examining key events such as the Eurozone crisis, the migration crisis, Brexit, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the war in Ukraine. The analysis considers both institutional changes and the development of political narratives and priorities. It identifies a third major transformation of European integration, after those of the 1950s and the 1970s/80s. This change was brought about not by planned reforms, but by crisis-driven adjustments. The new security orientation reflects both the loss of post-Cold War optimism and the realisation that the EU must act in an increasingly dangerous world. While this transformation has strengthened the EU’s ability to survive, questions remain about the democratic legitimacy and effectiveness of the new security architecture.

In this chapter, we derive general nodal domain theorems of Courant type for Laplacians and p-Laplacians on graphs and hypergraphs.

In conversation with Peters’s Law as Performance, I suggest paying closer attention to dialogue as one central element of performance itself. In this contribution, I analyze the configuration of affective spaces based on the characteristics of dialogue in legal settings, from legislation to inquisitorial cases.

Ignatius Sancho is the subject of a fabulous 1768 portrait by Thomas Gainsborough now in the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa. He has also been associated with images by Hogarth, and copies of his business card for his Westminster shop, sometimes attributed to Hogarth, are held in the V&A and the British Museum. This chapter explores Sancho’s relationship to eighteenth-century London’s visual culture not only through images by Gainsborough and Hogarth, but also through Sancho’s own rhetorical style, and the networks and relationships with artist correspondents that emerge through his letters, arguing that Sancho emerges as an agent as well as a subject in eighteenth-century British visual culture.

Judicial independence is an essential part of democracies, based on the division of powers, rule of law, and respect for fundamental rights. In its most simplified version, judicial independence relies on the freedom from (and resilience to) the external and internal influences and pressures that the courts as institutions and judges as justice professionals are constantly subject to. Introducing AI into the judicial system could impact the judicial independence from a wide spectrum of angles: judicial independence can be compromised and shaped by the AI systems, in particular if these systems have been developed by private sector and/or designed by legislative or executive powers. Furthermore, AI systems can do this in much less perceptible ways that are difficult to detect and complicated to prove, for instance through the experts that courts rely on when the case requires specific knowledge or expertise. This chapter focuses on identifying these threats and addressing them in a constructive and solution-oriented manner, without compromising the potential of AI for the justice system.