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'Using Generative AI in Historical Practice' argues that generative models are reshaping historical scholarship. Rejecting medium - and long -term speculation, it focuses on near-term practice: how historians can use AI now to augment their research through context-aware dialogue, semantic search, network visualization, multimodal source analysis, and code-assisted workflows. It details methods for context management, task design, and response structure, while warning against cognitive offloading and model bias. While it offers a variety of novel methodologies, the book insists on the indispensability of human agency and taste. Case studies range from Augustine of Hippo to early cinematography, demonstrating the possibilities and limits of generative AI. It concludes with a call to historians to engage with the technology critically and productively, reimagining AI-assisted scholarship without surrendering disciplinary standards and aims.
This Element investigates the challenges and possibilities of writing histories of trauma. Interpreting trauma as not only an event but also as an analytical framework and an apparatus for working on suffering, it explores how the historiography of trauma intersects with pressing matters of postcolonialism, historical subjectivity, and modernity. It is designed to illuminate the pressing theoretical matters that histories of trauma touch upon, whether explicitly or implicitly. Drawing from histories of trauma as well as foundational theoretical work in literary studies and memory studies, it argues that thinking traumatic histories requires a commitment on the part of historians to theoretical self-reflexivity, to querying not just the past or the archive for the traces of trauma, but the concept itself in its historical and historiographical modulations.
This Element outlines the foundational concepts and key applications of humanistic management and leadership. It focuses on the key concepts of protecting dignity and promoting well-being. It provides a humanistically grounded, scientifically backed paradigm for better organizing at the level of individual, relation, team, organization, society and nature. It provides real world examples of organizations and companies that practice humanistic management and leadership and create outstanding value for all stakeholders.
This Element examines the origins, development, and prospects of forensic linguistics in Indonesia, drawing on a survey of 53 participants and a systematic review of studies from 2011 to 2023. Emerging from early language-related cases in the Old Order era and initially driven by scholars trained abroad, the field has grown through research, collaboration, and academic integration. Key topics include justice sector needs, linguistic diversity, standardization, and institutional strengthening. Despite limited capacity-building, training initiatives have enhanced the field's visibility. The Element outlines challenges and opportunities for advancing forensic linguistics' role in legal reform and fair justice, making it a valuable reference for scholars and practitioners.
Recognizing religion in global politics is neither neutral nor benign. This book reveals how recognition operates to reinforce hierarchies, reify religious difference, and deepen political divisions. Maria Birnbaum reframes religion as a historically contingent category of knowledge and governance. She shifts the question from whether religion should be recognized to how it becomes recognizable. Through the entangled imperial histories of British India and Mandate Palestine, the book traces how colonial and anti-colonial governmental logics shaped the politics of religious minorities, representation, and border-making-dynamics that continue to shape postcolonial states like Pakistan and Israel. Offering a timely critique of the epistemic assumptions underpinning global discourses on religion, sovereignty, and political order, Before Recognition challenges conventional understandings of religion in international relations. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Medieval authors commonly imagined humanity as the only animal that possessed the rational-discursive faculty: the ability to think rationally and speak in words. But what was the true nature of the relationship between reason, speech, and species identity in medieval thought – and what can the material traces of authors' efforts to find an answer reveal about how humans have constructed their identities in relation to other animals? In the first book-length, interdisciplinary study of animals and reason in the Middle Ages, Joseph R. Johnson investigates a range of medieval genres in French, Latin, and Occitan: literary works, biblical texts, philosophical and theological treatises, and more. Leveraging an experimental methodology to examine fine-grained details in the handwritten texts of medieval manuscripts, he argues that the concept of humanity as the only rational, speaking animal depended on the same process that destabilized it from within: the representation of species relationships in words.
The Cambridge Companion to World Trade Law offers expert but compact discussion of the diverse perspectives, enduring issues, and emergent challenges in the field. This volume offers a lively and thorough overview of the subject in all its dimensions. It takes stock of the state of the field of trade law without allowing current events to dominate key debates. It is intended to be appreciated not only by a legal audience as a collection of concise yet thoughtful reflective pieces, but also by readers across the fields of business, economics, finance, sociology, diplomacy, and international relations who may have no specialist trade law knowledge. It will appeal not only to the novice but also to the seasoned trade law expert who might wish to have at hand a single-volume compendium of current expert analysis across the different dimensions of trade law.
Paul's letter to the Colossian church addresses the challenges encountered by a Christian community living in the Hellenistic world. Shaped by folk religion, Hellenistic mystery religions, Roman imperial cults, and other trends, the community lived in fear of turmoil and oppression if they did not placate the right gods and practice the correct rituals. Colossians is Paul's salvo into this context. More than a forceful response to a single church, it was a missive that addressed Hellenistic spiritual tendencies and how Christ confronts them. Gary M. Burge's study of this letter explores the Roman context for Colossians and demonstrates how Paul's gospel would overturn the religious beliefs that affected their lives. He also interrogates Paul's overlooked letter to Philemon, which accompanied Colossians and in which Paul intervenes on behalf of a Christian runaway slave named Onesimus. His novel interpretation offers new insights into this situation and how it enables us to understand slavery today.
Once considered a period of poverty and isolation, devoid of impressive material culture, the Iron Age is now regarded as a pivotal era. It witnessed how the ancient Greeks lost and regained literacy, created lifelike figural representations and monumental architecture, and eventually established new and complex civic polities. The Companion to the Greek Iron Age offers an up to date account of this critical epoch of Greek antiquity. Including archaeological surveys of different regions, it presents focused discussions of the Early Iron Age cultures and states with which Greek regions had contacts and which are integral for understanding cultural developments in this formative period. They include Cyprus, Syro-Anatolia, Italy, and Egypt, regions in which, as in Greece, the Early Iron Age is diverse and unevenly documented. Offering a synthesis of the key developments, The Companion to the Greek Iron Age also demonstrates how new archaeological and theoretical approaches have enlarged and clarified our understanding of this seminal period.
This Element examines – for the first time in a single volume – the written evidence from the 'Far East' of the Hellenistic world (Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara). It examines how successive invaders of this region, from Persia, Greece and India, left their linguistic and textual mark. It reviews the surviving Hellenistic-period written material from archaeological sites in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Pakistan in Aramaic, Greek and Prakrit.
Until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, America did not want war, with the 1930s marked by strong isolationism and an emphasis on defense. However, in December 1941, it wasn't defensive aircraft the Army Air Corps had been steadily procuring, but offensive long-range heavy bombers, whilst US pursuit planes were decidedly inferior to their European counterparts. In this new history of the development of American air power, Phillip Meilinger dispels the notion that young air zealots pushed for a bomber-heavy force, revealing instead the technological, economic and bureaucratic forces which shaped the air force. He examines the role of scientists and engineers, developments in commercial aviation, and conflicting priorities of the Army and Air Corps, as well as how these were in turn influenced by America's political leaders. Building an Air Force is essential for understanding a conflict in which whoever controlled the skies controlled the land and seas beneath.
Established in the wake of the First World War, the League of Nations fundamentally transformed international politics, global governance and multilateral cooperation in a multitude of fields from the economy, labour and social affairs to colonial, minority and security questions. This Handbook analyses the central role of law in the construction of a new international order under the League of Nations. Drawing from innovative research of recent years that analyses the League of Nations through the prism of ultimate success and failure, it offers twenty-one rich chapters that showcase an interdisciplinary, contextual and archive-based approach with brand new and unexplored case studies that address key topics of the legal history of the League, the International Labour Organization and the Permanent Court of International Justice. Finally, it offers a new historical synthesis of how to understand the role of international law in international organizations during the interwar period.
Environmental challenges require diverse legal approaches. In this comprehensive handbook, global scholars examine the nexus of Islam and environmental law as a significant yet understudied framework for contemporary governance. Spanning fourteen centuries of legal development, Islamic environmental jurisprudence offers sophisticated approaches to stewardship, resource management, and climate policy. Chapters include detailed case studies of Pakistan's constitutional courts and Malaysia's environmental legislation, Gulf economic transitions, and water-governance innovations, all demonstrating how Islamic legal principles inform real-world environmental solutions. Each contribution provides a nuanced analysis of how traditional concepts adapt to contemporary contexts across diverse Muslim-majority nations. Timely and innovative, this handbook is an ideal resource for environmental law scholars, comparative legal researchers, policy analysts, and development practitioners working in multicultural contexts.
This Handbook is the first global comparative volume that examines the use of AI and digital technologies in courts. With contributions from over seventy academics, judges, and other professionals from over twenty-five countries, it provides an interdisciplinary and cross-jurisdictional perspective on how judicial institutions are responding to the opportunities and risks posed by AI. Covering judicial use of AI across domestic and regional jurisdictions in Europe, North and South America, Asia-Pacific and Africa, this Handbook begins with the premise that introducing AI into courts is not merely a technical upgrade but a constitutional reckoning and fresh call for judicial accountability. Each chapter examines not just what AI can do for courts, but what courts must do to ensure that AI tools enhance, rather than erode judicial values, justice and the rule of law.
European integration has many origins, although its history goes back less far than is often assumed. This study offers an accessible and engaging overview of the past and present of today's European Union, from the postwar era to the present day. Beginning with the foundational treaties of the 1950s, the book examines how the EU became an increasingly global actor through the 1980s and 1990s. Focusing particularly on recent developments, Kiran Klaus Patel explores how the EU's current role was far from a given and remains fragile. Looking beyond public discourse fixated on crisis, Patel highlights the adaptability and resilience of the EU and how it has turned challenges into opportunities and expanded its own role in the process. This book sheds new light on the past in order to understand the present – and possible options for the future. In the process, it challenges conventional wisdoms of Europhiles and Eurosceptics alike.
This Element presents the main characteristics of international trade in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region by analyzing whether its trade policy managed to build or break bridges among MENA countries and with the rest of the world. Its objective is threefold. First, it provides an overview of trade theories from the MENA region perspective. Second, it analyzes the main trends and features of trade flows and trade policies. Third, it shows how trade policies had different development outcomes related to gender, informal employment, and the composition of labor demand. The main findings show that trade policies and domestic characteristics explain the relatively poor performance of trade flows in most of the diversified MENA economies. Also, the MENA region is highly affected by world business cycles given that this region is the largest exporter of oil. Finally, development outcomes still need to be streamlined within trade policies.
This Element contributes to a better understanding of the burning question of why voters support politicians who subvert democracy. Instead of focusing on the usual explanations such as polarization or populism, the Element breaks new ground by focusing on the interplay between democracy and nationalism. By relying on the experiences of five countries (Serbia, Poland, Hungary, Israel, and Turkey) and using exclusive data obtained through surveys and interviews with actors involved, the Element answers three key questions: (1) How the subversion of democracy in the name of the nation unfolds, (2) Why many voters acquiesce to the subversion of democracy by nationalist elites, and (3) What matters in resisting the attacks on democracy with nationalist appeals. The answers to these questions reconcile demand-side and supply-side findings on democratic backsliding and shed new light on how to fight back more successfully.
Muslim Theological Encounters with Science dismantles the 'Islamic decline' narrative by showing how science and theology have long coexisted in Muslim civilization. Premodern thinkers navigated enduring tensions between reason and revelation, ensuring that intellectual disagreement fostered growth rather than hostility. Modern friction between science and Muslim theology-driven by colonialism, limited scientific literacy, and the absence of a science-attuned common sense among theologians-has often, though not exclusively, stemmed from adherence to outdated theological models. The author proposes a 'symphonic and braided' framework for relating science and theology, treating them as distinct yet complementary languages of meaning-making. Cultivating humility and imagination emerges as essential to human understanding. By avoiding the trap of forced convergence, this framework allows science to explain the 'how' while theology addresses the 'why,' together weaving a more complex and resilient pursuit of the truth. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Includes a discussion of solution chemistry, leading to the preparation of analytical standards for chemical analysis. It explains the calculation of errors in calibration procedures and the use of quality assurance procedures more generally.
Chapter 4 describes the appearance of plant and animal domesticates on the plateau, such as millet, sheep, goat, and horse. Models for the appearance of these domesticates are evaluated. Mortuary evidence is discussed, and its articulation with emerging identities considered.