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My aim in this short book is to defend Hegel from some famous objections from Marx (writing on his own or with Engels). Across both chapters, I will focus on a Marxist objection to the effect that Hegel misunderstands the ultimate bases of social structure and historical change. Indeed Hegel's account is not just flawed or incomplete but completely backwards (standing on its head). In the first chapter, I consider Marx's (and Engels') historical-materialist critique of Hegel, which charges him with neglecting the foundational role of the economic base in history and erroneously prioritizing the ideological and legal or political superstructure. In the second chapter I turn to politics, considering the young Marx's case in favor of radical democracy and against the Hegelian rational state.
In recent decades, game theory has been extensively used in academic research throughout the social sciences, including international relations. The typical format of applied game theoretic journal articles is theorem-proof, but while the proof demonstrates that the theorem is true, it doesn't typically show how the researcher actually “discovered” the theorem. Ahmer Tarar's Game-Theoretic Models of International Crisis Bargaining explains how to derive the equilibria of (sometimes complicated) game-theoretic models. Examining central results on international crisis bargaining, using a unified modeling framework, he presents simplified versions of important published game-theoretic models in international conflict to demonstrate how to construct and solve game-theoretic models for academic research. He provides detailed derivations for each result, presenting a proposition summarizing the entire equilibrium strategy profile. With over 300 exercises, ranging from easy to difficult, Tarar provides readers with extensive practice for honing their skills and becoming skilled modelers.
Horses were a driving force behind medieval England's agricultural and economic expansion, although little has been written about the trade in these animals or how they were supplied. In the first book of its kind, Jordan Claridge addresses this gap, revealing that although lords and their estates relied heavily on horse power, they largely failed to produce agricultural horses themselves. Instead, it was England's peasants who bred the workhorses that fuelled the medieval economy. Peasants exploited opportunities in seigniorial society and identified conditions suited to horse breeding, coming to dominate the production and trade of working horses. Through meticulous analysis of manorial records, Claridge uncovers how peasant production not only sustained medieval English agriculture but also contributed to England's commercialization and long-term economic development. In so doing, he highlights the unexpected role of ordinary people in shaping economic transformation.
Plato's Sophist in Antiquity offers the first comprehensive account of how one of Plato's most challenging and influential dialogues was read, interpreted, and transformed throughout the ancient Mediterranean world. Spanning from the Early Academy to Late Neoplatonism, the volume unites leading scholars in a systematic investigation of the Sophist's complex afterlife. Combining historical depth with philosophical insight, it uncovers how ancient thinkers – Aristotle, the Stoics, Plutarch, Plotinus, Porphyry, Proclus, and others – engaged with the dialogue's central questions about being, non-being, truth and falsehood, identity and difference, linguistic reference, and much else. By tracing these rich trajectories of reception, the book not only fills a major gap in Platonic studies but also demonstrates the continuing vitality of the Sophist for contemporary debates in metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of language.
Between 1939 and 1945, the Nazi regime presided over one of the largest campaigns of state-sponsored assimilation in modern history. Across Europe, millions of people were classified as members of the “master race” amid the horrors of the Second World War, a huge number of whom renounced their nationality to embrace Hitler's cause. Making Germans recounts this endeavor through the prism of its model, the Re-Germanization Procedure, a special initiative of demographic engineering run by Heinrich Himmler's SS which sent select foreign subjects to undergo conversion in the heart of the Third Reich. By documenting the experiences and relationships of the ordinary civilians who participated in the program, and examining the impact of their involvement, Bradley Nichols reveals a key interplay between Nazi empire-building at home and abroad. In that vein, this study offers a fresh take on the much-debated question of whether the Holocaust was a form of colonialism. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Religion made the theatre modern. Since the late nineteenth century, theatre theorists have asserted that drama's origins lie in religious ritual. In this ambitious study, Rebecca Kastleman traces the surprising effects of that claim for the modern and contemporary stage. Across lucidly written chapters, she tracks the 'modern drama of religion,' a movement rooted in both the many modern plays that engage directly with religion and the dramatic debut of new religious practices in the modern theatre. Such works serve as crucibles for catalyzing skepticism, dissolving some religious attachments and strengthening others. Modern playwrights' fascination with religion expanded the frontiers of theatrical experimentation, such that in modernity, the purported origin of theatre in religious ritual came to signify the cutting edge of artistic invention. Spanning drama, performance, modernism, and religious studies, this study powerfully reconfigures the relations between all these fields.
This Element explores how waste and food leftovers were transformed into evidence of the natural and human past, valuable collector's items, and museum specimens. In the nineteenth century, rubbish pits became repositories of new sources for studying the non-written past. The following pages connect the history of nineteenth-century waste with prehistoric archaeology, the reutilization of refuse and the excavation of ancient rubbish dumps. Waste and trash are not trans-historic categories. Here, 'waste' refers to a broad range of results of human activity: from deliberately constructed rubbish tips for unwanted items, to less organized discards in lake dwellings and peat bogs, and large-scale management of urban waste that reshaped landscapes. Recycling did not begin in the nineteenth century, but new considerations about reuse and the growing scale of waste disposal provided palaeontologists and archaeologists with fresh lines of enquiry and a framework for addressing the problem of modern extinctions.
As multinational corporations (MNCs) expand their global presence, they actively shape the legal and institutional frameworks that govern foreign markets. Challenging the conventional view that firms primarily rely on external institutions to safeguard their property rights in countries with weak rule of law, this book argues that domestic institutions serve as critical arenas where MNCs advocate for stronger laws and enforcement, with a particular focus on intellectual property protection. Drawing on original datasets, survey experiments, and interviews with business executives, lawyers, and policymakers, Siyao Li reveals how home governments negotiate with host governments at the behest of MNCs, while the firms themselves play a central role in ensuring that these commitments translate into effective enforcement. At a time when global rule-making is shifting from multilateral cooperation towards bilateral negotiations and national-level policymaking, this book offers fresh insights into the evolving interplay of business power, state sovereignty, and global governance.
Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudohistorical History of the Kings of Britain (c. 1138) became one of medieval Europe's most popular and successful creations. Here, Jaakko Tahkokallio explores its high-medieval reception through a detailed examination of its extensive manuscript corpus. Geoffrey's pseudohistorical text introduced King Arthur and the prophet Merlin to European literature. Previous research has often portrayed Geoffrey's work as a radical departure from mainstream Latin historiography and emphasised its connections to emerging vernacular courtly literature. The evidence scrutinised in this book – the manuscripts' production histories, material characteristics, and marginalia – presents a challenge to this received wisdom, indicating instead that Geoffrey's History largely corresponded to, rather than challenged, the expectations of its medieval readers for historical texts. In its combination of fabulous and controversial content with the traditional form of Latin historical writing, it appealed to an extraordinary range of contemporary readers.
This practical guide to Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) covers the history and supporting theory, through to the most recent empirical evidence and practical aspects of delivery. The structure of IPT is covered in detail, allowing practitioners to use the book as a thorough guide to delivering therapy in their clinical practice. Numerous case studies are included to help readers learn through examples, as well as the key applications of IPT to a variety of disorders, including perinatal depression, social anxiety, bipolar disorder and eating disorders. An overview of various adaptations of the therapy for applications in different populations and settings is also covered, allowing the clinician to tailor therapy to different settings. Part of the Cambridge Guides to the Psychological Therapies series, offering all the latest scientifically rigorous and practical information on a range of key, evidence-based psychological interventions for clinicians.
Landscape architects radically transformed the rural geography of post-war Britain. Through large-scale projects such as power stations, oil infrastructure and land reclamation work, pioneering practitioners turned industrial planning into a process of creating amenity landscapes for public enjoyment, presenting new possibilities for what rural development could be and who it could serve. In this first comprehensive history of landscape architecture in post-war Britain, Moa Carlsson reveals how landscape architects combined wartime mapping and camouflage techniques with garden design and ecology to produce designed industrial landscapes at a scale not previously attempted. Yet, when the government curtailed funding for industrial landscape design in the 1970s, this planning process was undone and significant friction reappeared between stakeholders. At a time when new infrastructure development is imminent, and decommissioned facilities are being demolished, Scenic Calculations explores the legacies of post-war industrial expansion in the welfare state, arguing that the end of this unique planning approach had major consequences for both local communities and the national economy.
Interest in social networks – patterns of relations between social actors such as individuals, corporations, and countries – has grown in the last decade, and analysis of longitudinal network data has moved forward strongly. Social networks often change; understanding this process, where changes lead to other changes, requires tools that can uncover the rules driving these changes. In 'Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models for Longitudinal Networks,' Tom A. B. Snijders and Christian Steglich bring together the first comprehensive textbook on the Stochastic Actor-Oriented Model (SAOM), a leading method for analyzing dynamic network data. They present the diverse SAOM variants developed over the past three decades, covering the co-evolution of networks and actor attributes as well as the co-evolution of multiple one-mode and two-mode networks. Providing a foundation for applying the methods as well as advice for problems encountered in practice, this book offers a detailed guide into the best practices of modeling longitudinal network data.
This Element provides an account of the ownership from 1833 to the present of the copy of Shakespeare's Second Folio (1632) held at the State Library of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia (SAFE 1/63). Tasmanian artist and author Louisa Anne Meredith was given the Folio in 1833 in Birmingham and brought it to Tasmania when she emigrated in 1839. Her letters reveal she treasured and studied the Folio until she sold it to four men (c. 1885–86) who gave it to colonial actress Essie Jenyns in 1887. Jenyns hand delivered the Folio to the Mitchell Library (part of the State Library) in 1920 shortly before she died. In this narrative diverse archival sources are used to reconstruct the nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century provenance of the Folio and explore its place in the British Empire's colonisation enterprise.
How is the authority of law challenged by digital technologies? Is the digitisation of law an appropriate means to achieve legal impartiality? This book provides an interdisciplinary approach to understanding the impact of the ongoing digital transformation of legal systems. Digital law differs from traditional law in that it relies on decision-support software and networked databases. Such mechanisms must be understood not only in technical terms but also in their social and historical dimensions: the computational foundations of digital law should be situated within the long history of the mechanisation of writing. Digitalisation constitutes a graphic revolution which, in the legal domain, transforms the very conditions of impartiality. Whereas the legality of traditional legal systems is grounded in territorial sovereignty, digital law is no longer anchored in a sovereign territory. It not only increasingly transcends established borders, but also dispenses with the spatial embeddedness that has underpinned legal authority. Digital legality must therefore be reconceptualised to consider how automated systems may be integrated into the social space within which law operates.
During the Second World War, psychiatrists, psychologists, and other experts confronted unprecedented numbers of patients, including distressed servicemen, bombed civilians, unaccompanied children, returning veterans, displaced persons, and Holocaust survivors. In the first comprehensive analysis of treatment during and after the war, Elizabeth Roberts-Pedersen examines how British and American experts interpreted and responded to these diverse patient populations. Looking at both combatants and civilians together, she demonstrates that wartime psychiatry was less concerned with individual suffering than with managing mental distress at scale, revealing profound tensions in psychiatric thought over the causes of wartime mental disorder and its treatment. Perhaps most significantly, Human Salvage shows how the Second World War brought mass violence into the clinical realm, transforming psychiatric theory and practice for decades to come.
Imagining Transitional Justice contends that reflective narratives encompass conceptualisations of the processes of (re)building lives and societies after war and genocide. It shows how narratives produced slowly in and through the arts and law construct meaning and operationalise the notions of truth, justice, healing and reconciliation in the wake of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda and Yugoslav Wars. In doing so, this book contributes to the ongoing task of theorising transitional justice and establishing shared meanings of the core concepts of the field. The book analyses stories and encounters that imagine different futures through methods of 'law and literature'. Four case studies bring together creative narratives, such as a novel or film, and legal cases from the ICTY and ICTR. The book locates legal and creative narratives as part of knowledge production, reflecting on their critical potential in transitional justice.
Heidegger characterizes the history and essence of metaphysics as ontotheological. Ontotheology concentrates on the being of entities and conceives of this being in two interdependent ways. First, as common to all entities, being serves as the ontological ground for their coherence and intelligibility. Second, being is understood theologically, that is, by recourse to a highest entity that both exemplifies what is common to entities and serves as the causal foundation of entities and their being. Heidegger often speaks of an ontological difference, but what interests him is not simply the difference between entities and their being but what enables us to make this distinction in the first place, that is, being itself. Notoriously, Heidegger accuses the philosophical tradition of neglecting this non-ontotheological, enabling condition. This Element reconstructs and critiques Heidegger's conception of metaphysics as ontotheological. It then examines his non-ontotheological understanding of being itself, God, and divinity.