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This Element revisits the conceptual history of freedom and democracy in Cold War South Korea. Cold War liberalism is usually told as a North Atlantic story of defensive anti-communism, the 'liberalism of fear', and pluralist scepticism towards mass politics. Yet behind that veneer lay another face - the technocratic administrative state - that became dominant once Cold War liberalism reached the decolonising periphery under the rubric of 'modernisation'. Through a conceptual historical analysis, this Element traces how freedom and democracy were continually recombined with nationalism, developmentalism and diverse moral-economic registers, generating conceptual problematics the metropolitan tradition had rarely been compelled to confront. From the Founding Constitution through 'Korean-style democracy' to the minjung turn and democratic transition, Cold War Korea emerges not as belated reception but as a vantage from which liberalism's constitutive tensions become visible.
This is a comprehensive introduction to one of philosophy's deepest and most fascinating puzzles, the Liar Paradox. It introduces key theories of truth and paradox, and combines accessibility with depth, tracing the paradox from its simplest formulations to the most sophisticated contemporary theories. Chapters by leading philosophers and logicians present both classical and non-classical approaches - supervaluationist, paracomplete, paraconsistent, and substructural - and examine broader families of paradoxes alongside general theories of paradoxicality. The volume also explores the paradox's connections to meta-mathematics, modality, vagueness, quantifiers, context-dependence, and natural language semantics, demonstrating its far-reaching significance and its central role in logic, philosophy of language, and theoretical linguistics. Structured for clarity, each chapter introduces key ideas and develops advanced arguments, making the book an essential resource for students, researchers, and professionals seeking a comprehensive understanding of semantic paradoxes and theories of truth.
This Element demonstrates that the epistemic value of sound and listening (real and imagined) was central to early modern travel writing. It argues that traveller-writers and their editors, in this case Samuel Purchas, intentionally stimulated the ears and auditory imaginations of their listener-readers. By Listening to Early Modern Travel Writing, audiences hear sounds that connote more than descriptive detail; taken together, sounds added credibility to the narratives and embodied proof of the travellers' personal experiences. The Element also uncovers the layers of sound fundamental to the accounts and their reception, arguing that at every stage – from the sound itself, to its interpretation by the initial auditor, to its textual signification, and its reinterpretation by editors – the body functioned as a vital site in both the pursuit and articulation of religious and scientific knowledge. Finally, it argues that such sensory and embodied practices contributed to English Protestant imperial hierarchies.
This Element examines how late-modernist poetics intersected with the material realities of the book trade. The first section looks at the publication of Geoffrey Hill by André Deutsch, a trade publisher issuing poetry alongside a general list. The publication of David Jones by Fulcrum Press, an independent start-up specialising in poetry, is the subject of the second section. The third section turns to the postcolonial picture, focussing on the posthumous publication of Nigerian poet Christopher Okigbo in Heinemann's African Writers Series while the Biafran War raged. The last section looks at Cape Goliard, a unique attempt to embed a small press within a major publishing house. Situating these ventures within broader histories of modernism, postcolonialism, and transatlantic exchange and bringing new archival evidence to light, Poetry and Publishing in the Long 1960s illuminates the publishing cultures that sustained late-modernist poetry, and the history and ultimate retreat of 1960s cultural optimism.
To deal with an increasingly large and sophisticated class of real life problems, image processing methods range from the traditional filtering and thresholding techniques to advanced variational models and deep learning algorithms. Regularization is a key concept in developing a variational model to ensure that a model has at least one solution and hence efforts in devising efficient algorithms worthwhile. High order and nonlocal regularization is particularly important, especially when the underlying problem (i.e. input image) requires one to minimize intensity differences within a large neighbourhood (e.g. beyond immediate voxels) for smoothness consideration. This Element aims to survey, review and discuss the state of the art techniques towards the latter kind of methods, emphasizing foundations, algorithms (and codes) and open challenges of high order and nonlocal regularizers for imaging tasks in commonly practised application scenarios.
This Element presents a case study of Emilia by Morgan Lloyd Malcolm, based on the life of the Elizabethan poet, Emilia Bassano, in three different contexts: its premiere at Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London 2018; transfer to the Vaudeville Theatre, West End, in 2019; and the online streaming of Emilia during the coronavirus pandemic. Intersectionality is a key consideration explored through Lloyd Malcolm's script, the play's rehearsal process and performance(s). How the feminist politics of Emilia play out in the Globe as a flagship heritage site is a second area of enquiry. The feminist uses of nostalgia constitute a third consideration; these emerge through analysis of Lloyd Malcolm's reimagining of the Elizabethan past and audiences' nostalgic longing for live theatre during the pandemic. Brought together, these three primary matters consolidate and demonstrate Emilia as a landmark study in collectively realised, ensemble feminist theatre making for the contemporary British stage.
Why and how did English society embrace the prison as an answer to social problems? This study uncovers an important part of this story, revealing the growing centrality of prisons in early modern England to everyday social relations based on credit and debt. Between 1560 and 1700, prisons became essential to disciplining economic and moral life, provoking growing anxiety over incarceration and loss of liberty. In turn, new ideas crystallised about prisons as tools of coercion, deterrence, punishment and rehabilitation, while novel abolitionist politics developed among prison activists. This came to a head during the English Revolution, when prisoners' longstanding antagonism towards state and legal institutions entered radical milieus and law reform movements, impacting debates over authority, tyranny and liberty. This study reveals how straining credit networks, swelling prison populations and socioeconomic upheaval reshaped early modern society and politics. In doing so, Richard Thomas Bell sheds new light on the development of carceral ideas that remain fundamental, yet increasingly controversial, in contemporary society.
Nietzsche's critique of pity is, by his own account, the initiating move in his broad-scale critique of morality. Despite this, it has received limited scholarly attention. This Element develops and defends a detailed account of three different kinds of argument that Nietzsche makes against pity, which build progressively to form a unified critique. First, there is a psychological investigation, in which Nietzsche reveals pity's dark subconscious motives. Second, Nietzsche addresses pity in its interpersonal dimensions, arguing that it constitutes a disrespectful form of relation to another person. Finally, Nietzsche argues that pity will lead to nihilism. Nietzsche's critique is genuinely radical, demanding that we question and abandon many moral convictions we hold dear. But it is also revealed to be deeply compelling: Nietzsche objects to pity for reasons that we should take extremely seriously.
Political consumerism is an important form of political participation in which citizens use market choices – boycotting and buycotting – to express political concerns and influence global economic and political institutions. Adopting a comparative perspective, the Element integrates evidence from a meta-analysis (109 studies and 1,300 tests), global survey data (66 countries and 97,000 respondents), and original cross-national research (5 countries and 7,500 respondents). Using each data source, the authors examine the roles of resources (education, income, and information/news), engagement (political interest, ideology, and environmental concern), and mobilization (online group ties and offline organization membership) in political consumerism and how these factors vary across countries in explaining political consumerism. The authors find that organizational membership, group ties on social media, political interest, and political ideology are consistent covariates of boycotting and buycotting, whereas education, information/news, and environmental concern depend on the country, political context, campaign, and activity (boycotting or buycotting).
Violent crime has long been a national concern for policymakers, criminal justice officials, and the American public. Violent crime increased during the 1960s through the early 1990s, and the United States particularly suffered from high levels of gun-related violent crime. The country experienced a welcome decline in violent crime for approximately three decades. Although the trends in violent crime, homicides, gun homicides, and nonfatal firearms incidents, are encouraging, violent crime remains a significant public policy challenge, and overall trends can mask some of the devastating consequences of violent crime, homicide, and gun violence. Indeed, one of the themes of this Element is that we need to learn lessons from this post-1990s period so that we can continue to reduce levels of homicide, firearms violence, and violent crime, particularly in those cities, neighborhoods, and street blocks, as well as demographic groups that continue to experience high levels of violent crime.
This Element explores end-of-life decision-making through a secular and spiritual lens of the human person to examine what difference God makes in these decisions. Both the spiritual and the secular perspectives reveal different goods involved in the decisions people make at the end of life: the goods of autonomy, independence, and freedom compared with the goods of relationality, dependence, and sanctity of life. With the advancements in medical technology, it is possible to keep people alive significantly longer than has ever been possible. But a longer life is not necessarily a good life, nor does it portend a good death. Thus, this Element considers the medicalization of death, the growth of hospice and palliative care, the possibility of physician-assisted suicide, and the impact that belief in God, the sanctity of life, and the nature of the human person has in these different facets of end-of-life decisions.
This element offers a fresh and distinctive viewpoint on the historical-archaeology of monarchic Israel during the Iron Age (ca. 1000–720 BCE). It provides an easy-to-read archaeological overview of main finds from key sites in the northern parts of the southern Levant, which opens the door to beginners as well as to experts into the world of biblical archaeology. It further discusses methodological questions pertaining to the identification of political entities in the archaeological record, and the ways in which material remains and textual sources interact. This book does not presuppose Israel as a well-defined and long-lasting political entity but aims to uncover its underlying social and political hierarchies and interactions, thus portraying a more nuanced image of monarchic Israel: the communities from which it consisted, the socio-political infrastructure that facilitated its emergence and maintenance, and the ways in which political hegemony was exercised within it.
This Element explores workers' song research, a dominant strand of music scholarship in the Eastern Bloc and one of the earliest to engage with musical practices beyond the domains of art music and peasant folklore. It traces the institutionalization of this field, the changing interests of its representatives, and the ways in which, from the 1960s onward, they built regional networks and established dialogue with actors of the Western folk revival. Through these networks and exchanges, the repertoires and key performers of the international folk scene gained visibility behind the Iron Curtain. Yet the 'folk revival' assumed an ambivalent character there, as communist governments and cultural institutions sought to appropriate and elevate it to a central position within the popular music sphere. The study focuses primarily on Hungary, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia, highlighting the role of local scholars in linking different musical traditions and in shaping state-sponsored folk culture.
This Element investigates the emergence and social significance of gendered neologisms – new lexical formations that encode gender within existing expressions, such as 'mansplaining', 'girlboss', or 'manny'. Situated at the intersection of sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and morphology, the Element explores how such words arise in response to changing social realities and how they participate in contemporary debates about gender, identity, and power. Drawing on corpus-assisted analysis of journalistic and public discourse, the study examines both the structural formation and the evolving meanings of these neologisms. The findings reveal that gender markers such as 'man-' or 'girl-' rarely function as simple descriptors; instead, they carry metaphorical and evaluative meanings rooted in cultural expectations and gender stereotypes.
Anarchism is often assumed to stand outside constitutionalism, yet it forms a significant, if overlooked, tradition of constitutional thought. Addressing global constitutional crises and the impasses of state-centred politics, this book brings anarchism into productive dialogue with constitutional, political and international theory. At its core is a reconstruction of anarchist social theory grounded in an ontology of anarchy shaped by European social science and republican concerns with dividing and balancing power. These ideas were reinterpreted by major anarchist thinkers - from Proudhon to Lucy Parsons, and from Tolstoy to Kōtoku Shūsui - who advanced decentralised, federalist alternatives to imperial and hierarchical orders. Combining intellectual history with co-produced research alongside anarchist groups, Constitutionalising Anarchy shows how constitutional practices developed within militant labour unions, protest movements and cooperatives across the twentieth century. It reconsiders anarchy, constitutionalism and the possibilities of political organisation. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
As the People's Republic of China (PRC) has become an increasingly significant global power, understanding its international behaviour has become a central question for scholars, analysts, and policymakers worldwide. This growing attention has not, however, resulted in anything resembling a consensus. Out of this profusion of competing perspectives, the authors identify four distinct ideal-typical approaches employed to explain the PRC's international behaviour: universalist, exceptionalist, political-institutionalist, and particularist. At their core, the fundamental issues of disagreement between these approaches concern the degree to which they conceptualise the PRC as a unitary and/or distinctive actor. Crucially, these are not fixed attributes; they vary over time and across policy domains. Based on this, they make the case for a contextualised approach that adjusts its analysis to such variation. The authors illustrate their approach by examining PRC behaviour in the South China Sea and in relation to its Belt and Road Initiative. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Censorship is the dark side of historical writing. Because much censorship is shrouded in secrecy, the subject tends to stay outside mainstream histories of historical writing. Consequently, many such histories offer unduly optimistic accounts of historical writing. They assume that historians produced their works in a political vacuum. This view is challenged here through an examination of the post-1945 censorship of history and its entanglement with power and freedom. This Element can be explored in three ways. The main overview discusses the international standards on freedom of expression, the demarcation debates on censorship, and the problems in tracing it; it also reviews censorship's reasons, key players, and effects. Furthermore, a dozen spotlights present significant themes or patterns of censorship. Finally, a glossary locates the concepts related to the censorship of history within the broader network of terms related to the freedom of expression about the past.
The first book in the English language to take a comparative look at the various roles played by all kinds of music and musicians in the fascist regimes of the twentieth century. It provides detailed overviews of musical life in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany and identifies and challenges some of the stereotypes that became ingrained over the latter half of the twentieth century. Alongside comparative studies drawn from the German and Italian examples, the book presents case studies from a variety of regimes and situations. It analyses and compares numerous aspects of fascism (ideology, thought, practice, policy) in their interfaces with music and musicians across the twentieth century. Its broad range of topics expands the reader's horizons beyond a debate on 'music and totalitarianism' currently too often restricted to Stalinism on the one hand and Nazism on the other.