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As artificial intelligence chatbots offer increasingly sophisticated emotional support, society faces a profound question: can a machine truly empathize? Empathy and Artificial Intelligence provides the first comprehensive roadmap for this pivotal moment. Moving beyond simple binaries of 'hype' or 'doom,' this interdisciplinary volume unites leading psychologists, philosophers, and engineers to explore the tangled web of synthetic care. Key chapters investigate the 'AI Advantage' – where machines often outperform humans in perceived empathy – alongside the 'AI Penalty,' where discovering the artifice corrodes trust. The text navigates the distinct landscapes of text-based LLMs and embodied robots, addressing urgent ethical dilemmas and exploring whether reliance on AI risks the atrophy of our moral capacities or enables synthetic agents to scaffold stronger human relationships. Essential for researchers, students, and curious observers, this book investigates whether outsourcing our emotional labor saves us time, or costs us our humanity.
How can Christians navigate the kaleidoscopic landscape of devotion to Jesus? In this study, Higton explores what it might mean to worship and follow the Jesus who can wear so many faces and call with so many voices. Higton proposes a high Christology, in which the Word is the image of God's inexhaustible life, the incarnation makes that Word present in flesh that is itself inexhaustible, and the Spirit unfolds this inexhaustible life in a profusion of forms of devotion. Each such form is an improvisation upon Scripture and an experiment in love, and each also fraught with failure. In conversation with Black, womanist, and trans theologies, Higton argues that, for all the problems that beset it, the classical Christological tradition can be a resource for liberative theologies. He also shows that works of doctrinal theology can remain visibly rooted in specific lives and contexts, and oriented towards mercy, justice, and love.
Although natural languages are often taken to be the prototypical case of the use of arbitrary symbols to encode ideas, it is also clear that linguistic communication across all modalities frequently incorporates iconic elements. How exactly symbolic and iconic aspects of language interact is an area of active research on spoken and signed languages and gesture studies across the cognitive sciences, and this Element overviews approaches to modeling their interaction. The case is made that while both symbolic and iconic content are pervasive in language, they contribute meaning in ways more separate than typically assumed: propositional meaning is built entirely from symbolic abstractions and can be the input for compositional structures that involve reasoning over alternatives; in contrast, iconic depictions within a compositional system are understood as particulars. Depiction is also contrasted with other senses of iconicity in language. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
How did the global circulation of modern technologies of warfare transform armed resistance? Focusing on the European territories of the Ottoman Empire, Ramazan Hakkı Öztan explores how revolutionary organizations navigated a world newly rich in material resources by the late nineteenth century. Unlike those who came before them, these revolutionaries operated in an increasingly connected global economy of violence that fed military-grade surplus weapons and newly invented explosives into their hands. Tracing commodity flows, Öztan profiles arms dealers, smugglers, and informers active in this economy of revolution. While revolutionaries tapped into transnational circuits, exchanged technical know-how, and engaged in calculated acts of violence, bureaucrats sought to dismantle black markets, gather counterintelligence, and wage their own campaigns of repression. Situating these connected histories across time and space, this global history explains the transformation of rebellion and imperial coercion by the turn of the twentieth century. This is a Flip it Open title and may be available open access on Cambridge Core.
This Element focuses on interactions between international assignees (IAs) and host country nationals (HCNs) by synthesizing three decades of empirical research using a combination of bibliometric, thematic, and content analyses. It delineates three major research streams in the field: language and communication; cultural adjustment; and IA-HCN relationships. Utilizing innovative mixed-methods review and analytical techniques, we shed light on the effects of language, communication, and cultural issues on IAs' and HCNs' adjustment, performance, learning, and career development. This Element reveals mixed effects of IA-HCN interactions, calling for further research to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of IA-HCN interactions. It offers valuable insights into effective cultural adjustment strategies and guides the development of practices for managing international assignments and cultivating positive IA-HCN relationships.
What is the mind? Mental Fictionalism offers an exciting and provocative new approach to this question. Its central idea is that mental states (thoughts, beliefs, desires) are useful fictions. When we talk about mental states, we should be seen as merely speaking 'as if' humans (and perhaps other creatures or even artefacts) had such states, in order to make sense of their behaviour. This Element is unique in presenting three versions of mental fictionalism in a single volume (prefix, pretence, and affective mental fictionalism), written by three of the most prominent proponents of each approach. The Element pits the different varieties of mental fictionalism against each other, allowing the reader to size them up. In the process, it offers a fresh perspective on foundational matters in the philosophy of mind, such as the nature of mental states, the role of folk psychology, and the relationship between mind and material culture.
Camp Ford's Civil War tells the story of Union and Confederate soldiers and civilians, enslaved people and refugees, and the natural world around them during the Civil War. The focal point is a ten-acre piece of land where over 5,000 Union prisoners of war sat out of battle while fighting their own distinctive kind of war. The narrative also explains the conflict in the wider southern Trans-Mississippi theater, a place that remains in the historical and historiographical shadow of the Civil War elsewhere. This is a story of what became of the largest prisoner of war camp west of the Mississippi River, but it is also a story about the war in the 200-mile radius around the prison camp - the geographic medium in and through which a remarkably diverse range of human and nonhuman communities swirled and overlapped to create a fascinating, if understudied, narrative of the Civil War.
It was long believed that the lack of available food in tropical forests was a limiting factor for the development of human cultures in the Amazon. Recently, a very different picture has emerged in which, on the eve of European invasion, the Amazon basin was home to thriving indigenous societies with highly sophisticated foodways that ultimately co-created the region's much-coveted biodiversity. In this Element, the authors bring together recent data and discussion points on the archaeology of food, alongside testimonies from Forest Peoples, that help us think about culinary traditions, biodiversity, and food sovereignty since the human colonization of the Amazon 12,000 years ago until the present-day climate emergency.
Aging is universal, but the ways we age are profoundly shaped by culture. This Element takes readers across Asia, Africa, North America, Europe, and Oceania to examine aging-in-place strategies, dementia-friendly communities, innovative senior living models, and culturally adapted health interventions. Through research, case studies, and community innovations, contributors highlight the interplay between tradition and modernity, resilience and contextual challenges, and individual and collective forms of care. Rich with global perspectives, this Element offers scholars, practitioners, caregivers, and policymakers culturally grounded insights to support older adults and their families in an increasingly interconnected and aging world.
Early Confucian philosophical texts offer a view on which a person's knowing to φ is a distinct kind of knowledge irreducible to more familiar kinds, such as knowledge-that, knowledge-how, or knowledge-by-acquaintance. Unlike knowledge-that, knowing-to is non-propositional, and unlike knowledge-how and knowledge-by-acquaintance, knowing-to is present only if the agent is performing a corresponding intelligent action. The author motivates such an early Confucian account of knowledge-to by arguing that it offers the people an attractive conceptual alternative to standard ways of thinking about the relation between knowledge and intelligent action.
Natural law theory is a major contemporary school of philosophy of law. This Element provides a critical overview of recent lines of thought in this tradition. Section 1 considers the defining claims of natural law jurisprudence, including strong and weak natural law views. Sections 2 to 5 examine four contemporary lines of natural law argument: functional arguments, the argument from context, the argument from injustice and the central case method. Functional arguments remain the oldest and best route to the natural law thesis. The argument from context also has promise, whereas the argument from injustice and the central case method fail to yield robust natural law conclusions. Section 6 reflects on the future of natural law jurisprudence. It explores a possible reframing of natural law theories, away from the prevailing emphasis on legal validity or defectiveness, and towards an understanding of law as a natural phenomenon.
This ambitious history of industrial and cultural revolution illuminates the formation of a new idiom of energy and economy in nineteenth-century America. In 1851, Ralph Waldo Emerson made an arduous journey to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There, in a series of lectures, he articulated modern ideas of industrial power, the soul's economy, and a value system premised on a new set of prime movers, fossil fuels. Emerson asked a practical question: 'How shall I live?' His response was to create a mythic language centered on the energy-and-economy dialectic. This book vividly shows how other authors, from Catharine Beecher, who laid the groundwork for the environmental canon, and W. E. B. Du Bois, who poeticized labor, to Henry Adams and Edith Wharton, as well as conservationists, homemakers, and coal miners, built on Emerson's 'practical question' to give fresh purpose to human existence in a radically altered world.
Penguin Books' extensive and affordable non-fiction list brought psychological ideas to a mass-market British readership. Even modestly successful titles sold thousands of copies per annum, while best sellers could sell hundreds of thousands over their lifetime. Covering a period from the mid-1940s to around 1980, Penguins on the Couch shows how psychological ideas were filtered and shaped by the inner life of Penguin Books as a commercial publisher with a commitment to professionalism, public education, and progressive politics. Penguin supplied and built a market for psychological knowledge in an era when these ideas were increasingly important – in clinical settings, in childcare and education, in progressive politics, and in the need to make sense of one's life as an autonomous individual.
Legal professionals in the United States increasingly have relied on dictionaries, both current and historical, in court cases. This practice is complicated because originalist jurists are often not well-versed in lexicographical principles that would provide a fuller view of historical reasoning. This Element first contextualizes several issues in early English dictionaries and eighteenth-century language that illustrate how using dictionaries from the founding era in questions of law can be problematic: The Element provides examples of words changing over time, explains methodology of devising and borrowing in definitions, details who the readers of such dictionaries were, and more. The Element then excerpts John Mikhail's essential article written in response to CREW et al. v. Trump to show how lexicographical methods and linguistic textual evidence can be better used in legal cases and analysis by triangulating meaning and identifying a prototypical definition.
Bringing together new and accessible translations of texts from Plutarch's Lives and the Moralia, this volume demonstrates Plutarch's enduring importance in the history of political thought. The texts selected include the essays 'Beasts are Rational' and 'How to Profit from Enemies', which were taken up by key theorists including Hobbes and Rousseau, alongside full translations of lesser-known works including 'Life of Phocion', 'On Women's Courage' and 'Advice on the Conduct of Politics' which inspired numerous political actors and writers throughout Europe. With an introductory essay, explanatory notes on the translation and bibliography, the volume offers fresh insights for readers seeking an understanding of Plutarch's work and its continued influence and relevance for politics.
This Element explores the intersection of language and culture in undergraduate admissions interviews. Such encounters are commonly understood through their outcomes, typically via perceptions of interviewer bias and/or candidates' levels of self-confidence. This study challenges such a reductive understanding of admissions interviews by positing them instead as communicative events with interactional requirements that can be empirically determined. Based on a corpus of 60 interviews provided by the University of Cambridge, the study draws on the tools of interactional sociolinguistics to reveal how interviews are shaped by multiple layers of cultural norms, and role relationships, that successful candidates are best able to navigate. In so doing, it suggests that admissions interviews are not 'interviews' per se, but rather 'tutorial auditions' in which candidates must quickly demonstrate both their academic competences and their ability to learn and to be taught. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Companion explores the relationship between American literature and the Cold War. It shows how American writers offered critical depictions of social conformism amid the Cold War drive for consensus and McCarthyite persecution during the Eisenhower years. From the formal experiments of Beat and Black Mountain writers and the countercultural politics of the New Left to the postmodernism of the Reagan era, literature oscillated between tropes of 'freedom,' aligned with the Western geopolitical imagination, and 'constraint,' associated with supposedly totalitarian communist regimes. Writers also confronted the threats of nuclear annihilation, environmental crisis, and US imperial overreach. Influenced by the Civil Rights movement, marginalized communities developed literary practices that articulated resistance and demands for liberation, often in solidarity with global anti-colonial struggles. Work associated with second-wave feminism, the Black Arts Movement, American Indian and Chicano/a renaissances, and gay and lesbian movements challenged both the ideological certainties and representational conventions of the liberal status quo.
This book explores Russia's 100-year history of institutional experiments with legal forms, incentives, and organizational structures in search of an optimal system of knowledge production and diffusion. How was the Soviet Union able to industrialize in the absence of intellectual property, while Russia fails to re-industrialize despite adopting strong intellectual property rights that are presumed to be better suited to promoting innovation? What happened to Russia after it introduced the globalized rules of intellectual property? Informed by interviews with key players in the Russian innovation system and case studies in biopharmaceutical and information technology industries, the book exposes the informal side of the institution of intellectual property in Russia. The study reveals that the Russian case is not simply a story of institutional decline; it is also a story of how a new informal system is evolving in which new networks are steering Russia's approach to innovation.