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Physiognomics is the theory according to which there is a relationship between certain signs on the body and certain characteristics of the soul, and furthermore that it is possible to exploit this relationship to transition from what is visible to what is invisible: to read the body in order to gain access to the soul. This Cambridge Element showcases the philosophical relevance of physiognomics during the Renaissance, combining in-depth analysis of physiognomics' subtle, and sometimes lesser-known theoretical details, with awareness of the role of physiognomics in the main philosophical debates of the time, including on the human-animal border and on the difference between men and women. This Element presents the Renaissance revival of physiognomics as a scientific endeavour that required philosophers to organise medical, anatomical, physiological, and astrological knowledge, under the aegis of an ethical programme for the improvement of oneself and society.
Enslaved New World illuminates sixteenth-century Santo Domingo as the site of the Americas' earliest plantation and slave society and the first place where slavery became limited to people of African descent. Yet Santo Domingo was also home, Turits shows, to widespread continual flight from bondage and an ecology providing escapees with relatively easy refuge. This transformed the colony into a land in which predominantly self-emancipated Black people became the largest population group by the late seventeenth century, 150 years before slavery's abolition. Afterwards, slavery and legal racial hierarchy persisted, but the White elite often remained too poor and weak to overcome resistance and competing constructs of status and color emerged. By focusing on Santo Domingo's understudied African-descended majority population within novel frameworks, Turits opens up new understandings of Dominican history, slavery's racialization, race and racism's historical contingency, and an extraordinarily successful Afro-American trajectory of resistance.
We are living through an era of unprecedented data-driven regulatory transformation. AI and algorithmic governance are rapidly altering how global problems are known and governed, and reconfiguring how people, places, and things are drawn into legal relation across diverse areas - from labour, media and communications, and global mobilities to environmental governance, security, and war. These changes are fostering new forms of power, inequality, and violence, and posing urgent conceptual and methodological challenges for law and technology research. Global Governance by Data: Infrastructures of Algorithmic Rule brings together leading interdisciplinary scholars working at the forefront of creative thinking and research practice in this area. The book offers fresh takes on the prospects for working collectively to critique and renew those legal and technological infrastructures that order, divide, empower and immiserate across our data-driven world. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
This book offers a comprehensive introduction to nearly invariant subspaces, a subject of active contemporary research within functional analysis. Written for graduate students in mathematical analysis and suitable as a reference for experienced researchers, the book surveys the historical development of nearly invariant subspaces from their origins in the study of kernels of Toeplitz operators and invariant subspaces of shift operators. It presents recent advances, including applications to the invariant subspace problem, to truncated Toeplitz operators, and to strongly continuous semigroups of operators. Although mostly concerned with operators on Hardy spaces, the book includes a discussion of the subject in the context of Bergman and Dirichlet spaces too. The book begins with a chapter recalling basic results in analysis and function theory, and each chapter contains a selection of accessible exercises to supplement the text.
Belief, tradition and custom all shape and preserve the social order. It was through tradition that communities in rural and small-town England enforced social norms in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, until the reform of manners suppressed this autonomous working class lore. Folklore governed relations between parent and child, husband and wife, and master and man, legitimising rewards for right actions and punishment for wrong ones. It gave people a language and ceremony to celebrate who they were and how they bonded with others in their parish and trade. The traditional moral code of loyalty and generosity softened friction between those who held power and resources and those who depended on them: even riot and unrest aimed not at a new order but at ritual return to the past. Close reading of popular custom and oral literature reveals the underlying pattern of values and obligations which upheld pre-capitalist society.
Artificial intelligence-mediated informal digital learning of English (AI-IDLE) is a rapidly emerging subfield of computer-assisted language learning that focuses on autonomous, self-directed second language (L2) English development through AI tools beyond the classroom. Extending the established research agenda on informal digital learning of English (IDLE), AI-IDLE responds to a changing context in which AI technologies and digital platforms with embedded AI functionalities are reshaping the ecology of informal language learning. This Element provides the first comprehensive synthesis of AI-IDLE research and practice, grounded in an integration of proactive language learning theory and cultural-historical activity theory. It examines key antecedents and outcomes of AI-IDLE and, through original case studies, illustrates how learners negotiate resources and navigate diverse sociotechnical environments to engage in AI-IDLE. The Element concludes by outlining pedagogical strategies for supporting AI-IDLE and identifying future research directions for advancing this nascent field.
Recent years have witnessed rapid and ongoing growth of technologies that combine neuroscience with artificial intelligence to gather information about human brain activity, modify brain functions, and connect individuals' brains to computers and other brains. While these technologies are said to promise great benefits, they also raise serious concerns, including: their impact on identity and moral agency; mental privacy; the ethics of enhancement; and the potential for bias and discrimination. This Element explores these ethical concerns from a Protestant theological perspective, framed by the question: How can Christians promote the common good in relation to neurotechnologies?
Case characterizes distribution of nominals within a sentence (abstract Case), which can be reflected in morphological marking on nominals (morphological case). A related phenomenon of agreement characterizes a structural relation between a nominal and a functional category, which is morphologically manifested on the functional category. This Element examines how Case/case and agreement phenomena are derived, focusing on the syntactic operations involved. The Element discusses the types of morphological case, as well as the concept of abstract Case, starting with the seminal works of Vergnaud and Chomsky, followed by the theories of unification of Case/case and agreement, specifically the Spec-Head configuration and the operation Agree. Demonstrating empirical shortcomings of such unification, alternative approaches are considered (Dependent Case Theory and morphological approaches to agreement), illustrating their empirical and conceptual challenges. Ultimately, the Element sketches a theory of Case/case and agreement using independently motivated concepts of copy interpretation and labeling.
Cultural Lenses and Shared Horizons (CLASH), a theory for intercultural health communication, addresses limitations of existing approaches by conceptualizing communication as a contextually situated and locally managed activity. By examining intercultural tensions in health contexts, the Element shows how meaning, ethics, and decision-making are constituted through communicative practices across legal, policy, community, and interpersonal levels. CLASH presents four frameworks-Magic Consciousness, Mythic Connection, Perspectival Thinking, and Integral Fusion—to explain and predict how different forms of cultural consciousness shape experiences of reality and the evaluation of communicative practices within and across specific communities. Emphasizing the dynamic and emergent nature of social interactions, CLASH provides an analytical framework to examine how participants recognize, negotiate, and reconcile divergent cultural frameworks. By conceptualizing culture as an ongoing process embedded in social contexts, CLASH offers a regenerative paradigm for analyzing intercultural health communication. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Revolution by Stealth: How Women's Groups Catalyzed a Cultural Transformation in Bihar tells the story of how Jeevika, a large-scale livelihoods project, sparked far-reaching change in one of India's poorest and most patriarchal states. Based on four years of qualitative fieldwork embedded within a randomized trial, the Element traces how federated self-help groups enabled marginalized women to access credit, build collective capacity, and reshape gender norms. Through shared rituals, new roles, and solidarity networks, women moved from domestic isolation to public voice, challenging caste and patriarchal hierarchies. Conceptualizing Jeevika as an “induced social movement,” the authors show how state-supported programs rooted in local traditions can generate durable empowerment. Empirically rich and theoretically grounded, the Element offers an interdisciplinary synthesis across development economics, sociology, and feminist theory, advancing debates on agency, norm change, and participatory development. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The concept of communicative competence has been rendered as context-abstracted code-bound knowledge for language teaching and assessment. This Element offers a different perspective on 'communication' and 'competence'. Section 1 offers the rationale for this re-orientation. Section 2 examines the conceptual and pedagogic affordances and delimitations of the prevailing approach to communicative competence; Section 3 describes a conceptual re-framing of language use as ecological languaging in terms of embodied, situation-sensitive action through which people coordinate with others, artefacts, and environments; Section 4 explores assessment approaches built on Bayesian principles for tracking learner development and progress by taking account of prior accomplishment, expert opinion, and emerging performance to create probabilistic trajectories; Section 5 focusses on professional developments related to conceptual refinement, curriculum design, teaching materials, and teacher education. Section 6 considers some key future challenges. This Element is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Bubbles have unique properties that make them of great importance in disparate fields such as energy production, acoustics, chemical engineering, material processing, biomedicine, food science and a host of others which, on the surface, appear to have little in common. Bringing together information scattered in many hundreds of sources, this book provides a unified treatment of the subject, illustrating the roots of this surprising versatility with a wealth of examples. The emphasis is on physics, explained with words and images before introducing a limited mathematical apparatus. Building on the foundation of the compressible and incompressible Rayleigh-Plesset equation, the treatment continues with the volume oscillations of gas bubbles and associated scattering and emission of sound, the diffusion of dissolved gases and of heat, boiling, nucleation and the behavior of bubbles in elastic and visco-elastic media. The book concludes with chapters on biomedical applications, sonochemistry, acoustic and flow cavitation and bubbly liquids.
Revisiting the Romantic period as one of revolution, abolitionism, and mass print, Emily Wing Rohrbach explores the bound book's political force across literary genres. Innovative readings illuminate interplays of meaning between poetics and material format, showing how Romantics thought carefully, and sometimes anxiously, about the material forms in which their words would circulate. They understood the book's capacity to expose the cultural status quo as a product of choice and chance. Rohrbach puts conventionally 'Romantic' authors, such as Keats and Landon, in conversation with early Black Atlantic authors from the perspective of book history for the first time. She thus reveals an association between a politics of social equality and the book as a reading technology that is visible, however unevenly, across these authors' works. This title is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available open access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.
Applied linguists' interests and values have expanded in synergy with evolving technologies over the past decades, and with the tools and concepts developed in other disciplines. This timely book explains applied linguists' interest in technology in connection with their study of language-related problems in the real world. The decades of history and intersections with other disciplines provide background for introducing 11 types of technology-mediated language learning activities, grounded in the research-practice interface characterizing applied linguistics. Examples of past research are interpreted through the lens of design-based research to examine how design principles are developed for language learning and language assessment. Concrete implications are outlined for language pedagogy and its evaluation, language teacher education, and technology studies in applied linguistics. These foundations of technology and language learning will animate a spirit of critical professional inquiry toward current and future digital technologies as they intersect with language learners.
This Element is a study in cultural history, focusing on ancient Mediterranean religious traditions during the second to the early seventh centuries CE and their attempts to provide theologically sound explanations for the existence of multiple languages. The goal is to deliver a concise but balanced and, as far as possible, comprehensive treatment of the ideas about languages, linguistic diversity, and foreign language speakers across religious traditions in Late Antiquity. Therefore, this Element assumes a comparative perspective. Besides taking into account the inner heteroglossia of early Christianity, we examine sources associated with Greco-Roman polytheism, various forms of Judaism, Manicheism, and other hybrid religious forms during the late Roman and early post-Roman eras.
Inequality is an essential concept for understanding the impact of digital media on political life. This Element offers an empirical portrait of digital political inequality globally. We find that gaps in online political information reception and engagement are prevalent worldwide and growing over time. These inequalities are related to the resources held by individuals, the experiences of groups, and the economic, democratic, and technological development of societies. Moreover, we find that digital political media use is associated with greater participation in electoral politics and belief in democracy, while at the same time lower political trust and satisfaction with political systems. Based on these findings, we offer an agenda for studying digital political inequality across societal, technological, institutional, and individual levels. Ultimately, digital media not only create walls that separate the political haves and have-nots, but also windows and doors to greater political voice and influence for the less powerful.
What if the deepest resources for globalizing IR lie not in capitalist modernity, but in humanity's much older struggles against hierarchy? This Element argues that Global IR cannot become genuinely anti-Eurocentric unless it breaks decisively with 'methodological presentism': the tendency to read the past in terms of the present. Engaging Global IR debates, and drawing on Karl Polanyi, Political Marxism, and evolutionary anthropology, the book offers a non-presentist macro-historical narrative. It mobilizes deep history to trace the millennia-old human capacities to refuse domination, pursue autonomy, and sustain cooperation, thereby inviting readers to fundamentally rethink the sources of human interconnectedness and solidarity. On this basis, it proposes 'radical modernity', rooted in the prehistoric legacy of 'radical egalitarianism', as an alternative to capitalist modernity. Radical modernity is not a Western achievement later diffused to the non-Western world, but an alternative foundation for rethinking universality, difference, and the 'international' from below.
Writers who read, think, and write across languages need tailored support to navigate the complexities of crosslingual writing. Despite interest in pedagogical translanguaging and the rehabilitation of translation in language teaching, crosslingual writing remains underexplored as it stands at the margins of established disciplinary domains such as additional language instruction, writing pedagogy, and translator education. This Element argues that crosslingual writing is not only an essential skill for plurilingual communication, but also a powerful tool for language and writing development and deeper learning. Situating crosslingual writing within the trans/plurilingual turn and combining theoretical, empirical, and pedagogical insights from language (in) education, writing instruction, and translation studies, this Element identifies tools, strategies, and digital literacies for AI-powered crosslingual writing. It further explores how crosslingual writing can be systematically integrated into language curricula, offering practical strategies for pedagogical task design, scaffolding activities, and crosslingual writing assessment.
Why are some deeply divided societies able to craft stable constitutional regimes while others have failed and continue to be mired in endless communal conflict? This puzzle constitutes the central question this book seeks to address. This book is directed at scholars who wish to understand the riddles of constitutional performance in deeply divided societies, and those who are interested in understanding Afghanistan's troubled constitutional history. By providing the most comprehensive account of the drafting and performance of Afghanistan's 2004 constitution, the book is aimed at scholars who want to understand the nuances of the process that produced the Constitution and evaluate its performance with fresh eyes. The world is full of divided, post-conflict societies which continue to witness tragic violent conflicts. This book is thus a valuable resource for policy makers who are currently grappling with how to approach thorny problems of constitutional design and nation-building in these societies.