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This is the first book to place the autobiographical projects of canonical comics authors Art Spiegelman and Alison Bechdel alongside each other, focusing on new and neglected works (and with an epilogue on the Pulitzer Prize-winning tour-de-force debut of Tessa Hulls). The book offers a lively cast of five formal tropes-boxes, spirals, tic-tac-toe, mirrors, and webs-through which to model fundamental elements of the comics grammar and its material processes. Built around rich close readings, it shows what makes the comics form particularly suited to negotiate complex familial and creative inheritances and manage layered, relational identities. Interweaving accounts of Jewish identity, female embodiment, legacies of modernism, and feminist practice, the book traces how contemporary graphic memoirists visually work and rework their filiations and affiliations through form, situating the medium as a privileged site and staging ground for arguments about the enabling possibilities of form now.
Bringing together new and accessible translations of texts from Plutarch's Lives and the Moralia, this volume demonstrates Plutarch's enduring importance in the history of political thought. The texts selected include the essays 'Beasts are Rational' and 'How to Profit from Enemies', which were taken up by key theorists including Hobbes and Rousseau, alongside full translations of lesser-known works including 'Life of Phocion', 'On Women's Courage' and 'Advice on the Conduct of Politics' which inspired numerous political actors and writers throughout Europe. With an introductory essay, explanatory notes on the translation and bibliography, the volume offers fresh insights for readers seeking an understanding of Plutarch's work and its continued influence and relevance for politics.
International organizations (IOs) play a central role in contemporary international law-making: they institutionalize most of the processes through which international law is adopted today. From the perspective of the democratic legitimacy of international law, this raises the question of the conditions under which those IOs may be regarded as democratic representatives of their Member States' peoples. Curiously, given its important international and domestic stakes, however, the democratic representativeness of IOs, but also of States and other public and private institutions within those IOs does not seem to be much of a concern in practice. Even more curiously, and by contrast to other issues of democratic legitimacy it is necessarily related to, such as participation or deliberation inside IOs, representation has only rarely been addressed as such in scholarly debates. It is this gap in theory and practice that this volume purports to fill. It is the first one bringing global democracy theorists and international lawyers into dialogue on the topic and in English language. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Off the Map challenges how international lawyers picture the world. While traditional scholarship continues to treat the 'World Map' of states as natural, this book exposes the discipline's cartographic inheritance and its growing fatigue. Drawing on critical geography, international relations, and media theory, Nikolas M. Rajkovic reveals how global authority now operates less through contiguous territories than through infrastructures, corridors, and nodes. Introducing the concept of 'juriscapes', he illuminates the legal significance of ports, data cable landings, aviation hubs, sanctions screens, and cloud regions-sites where rules bite and power circulates. He also develops the idea of pointillistic geographies, showing how law is enacted through coordinates, flows, and switches that escape the flat image of bordered states. Provocative yet accessible, Off the Map re-visualises international law for a fractured global order, equipping readers with the concepts to see where authority truly moves today.
The book offers a critical history of how international law governs information to entrench unequal distribution of wealth and power since the end of World War II. Mapping doctrinal and institutional developments of various subfields in international law that concern the organization of cross-border information flow, this book identifies a dual-sided framework consisting human rights and free trade as a hegemonic framework for the governance of information. Drawing on Marxist legal theory, Third World Approaches to International Law, critical media studies, and heterodox political economy, the book argues that this framework, despite persistent internal contradictions and external contestations, has evolved to facilitate the expansion of capital and reproduce hierarchy throughout three eras of capitalist transformations of the past eight decades.
The rapid integration of generative AI (GenAI) tools into higher education (HE) presents both transformative opportunities and pressing challenges, particularly in English-medium education (EME) classrooms. While GenAI tools offer innovative possibilities for enhancing instruction, assessment, and learner autonomy, they also raise concerns about the erosion of meaningful language and content learning experiences through over-automation and excessive reliance on algorithmic output without involving students' thinking process. This Element offers a timely, practitioner-focused exploration of how GenAI tools can be thoughtfully integrated into both language and content-subject teaching while addressing key threats GenAI poses within EME contexts. The Element does not seek to promote the uncritical adoption of GenAI into HE but instead offers a pragmatic way forward that recognises the essential role of agentic teachers in supporting student content and language learning.
This element describes an emerging and intriguing topic: computational indeterminacy. Indeterminacy occurs when a fixed physical system potentially computes several different functions, and there is no fact of the matter which of these is actually being computed by the system. The phenomenon of computational indeterminacy has potential significance for a number of fields, including neuroscience and cognitive science, artificial intelligence (AI), the theory of algorithms, and circuit design. Here we address foundational and philosophical issues. We also explain how the indeterminacy phenomenon impacts on current thinking about the nature of physical computation. Computational indeterminacy is the subject of a growing number of articles in specialist journals, and The Indeterminacy of Computation introduces the topic to a wider audience. The style is clear and informal, with many helpful diagrams. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
William Whitehead's The Roman Father (1750) was the most prominent Roman play in late eighteenth-century Britain, and highly revealing of how Britons engaged with Roman history. This Element begins by surveying all eighteenth-century Roman plays, and shows that they focused on what it calls 'the transhistorical Roman character', typically set against a more historically-specific depiction of Rome. It proceeds to explore The Roman Father's text, reviews, performance history, and links to other aspects of historical culture. It argues that, of the three attitudes to history present in eighteenth-century Britain – the exemplary, historicist, and sentimentalist – all three were active in the theatrical context, but took genre-specific forms. Nonetheless, the changing attitudes visible in the theatre between 1750 and 1800 testify to changing attitudes to Roman history outside the theatre too: the decline of the exemplary attitude and the transhistorical Roman character, and the increasing prevalence of historicism and sentimentalism.
The Mar Menor, Europe's largest saltwater coastal lagoon, was long sustained by high salinity and low-nutrient waters that supported remarkable biodiversity. Since the late twentieth century, however, intensive tourism, industrial agriculture linked to the Tagus–Segura water transfer, and legacy mining pollution have driven accelerating ecological degradation. The eutrophication crisis of 2016 and the mass anoxic events of 2019 and 2021, which caused extensive marine die-offs, marked a profound ecological and political rupture. In response, a civic movement led by Teresa Vicente achieved an unprecedented outcome in 2022: the lagoon was granted legal personality, becoming the first ecosystem in Europe to obtain such status. This Element examines the social, legal, and scientific transformations surrounding this case and argues that recognising the lagoon as a subject opens new possibilities for rethinking human–nature relations and imagining more-than-human political communities grounded in ecological justice.
Contemporary Nigerian English offers an engaging empirical exploration of Nigerian English in the twenty-first century, highlighting its historical development, present-day usage, and emerging linguistic features. Drawing on multiple sources of evidence, including naturally occurring language data, online corpora, social media discourse, and survey findings, the Element investigates how multilingualism, cultural diversity, and digital communication continue to shape the variety. It analyses salient features of Nigerian English across lexico-semantic, phonological, morpho-syntactic, and pragmatic domains, while also considering the language ideologies and attitudes that inform its perception and use. By integrating structural linguistic analysis and sociolinguistic perspectives, the Element reveals how Nigerian English reflects the cultural identities, communicative practices, and cognitive worlds of its speakers. In doing so, it advances scholarship on World Englishes and contributes to broader discussions of linguistic variation and change in contemporary global contexts.
This is a cross-disciplinary study of the Mediterranean, which combines archaeology, historiography, ecology, climate, globalization, and network theories. It situates the Mediterranean both within and beyond traditional area studies, promoting broader, comparative, and cross-disciplinary approaches to antiquity. Its nine contributions, written by internationally recognized scholars within their respective study areas, challenge existing frameworks and encourage scholars to rethink how the Mediterranean is conceptualized, drawing on renewed concepts and diverse evidence. The studies guide the reader to desert environments such as the Sahara, Egypt, Palmyra, and Greece, while exploring topics including urban religion, mythology, social complexity, and iconography.
In colonial India and Mandatory Palestine, early-twentieth-century legal scholars made important contributions to the study of the nature of law, particularly by analyzing Hindu and Jewish law – their ancient religious systems. This book reconstructs the lives and ideas of these scholars, revealing a forgotten global wave of jurisprudential innovation that appeared across many territories in the non-Western world. The book challenges the view that non-Western legal scholars working in the colonies were passive recipients of Western ideas. It argues that Indian and Jewish thinkers used Western historical and sociological approaches to law to reimagine Hindu and Jewish law, and to assert their relevance to modern legal and constitutional debates. Though historical in scope, the story this book tells is also relevant to contemporary tensions between Western liberal law and non-Western religious legal traditions. This title is available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Bad lawyering has come under increasing focus though NDAs, SLAPPs, the banking crisis, and latterly the UK's Post Office Scandal, an extraordinary legal scandal spanning more than 20 years that ruined thousands of lives. This book examines the commercial, cultural, legal, and psychological drivers of ethical failure weaving them together with case studies in a compelling account of what is wrong with lawyers' ethics. Rather than concentrating on a few bad apples, it shows how deep-seated traditions, psychological frailties, the complacency and aggression of well-paid lawyers, and the pragmatism, cynicism, and hubris of organisations combines to pollute decision-making and weaken the rule of law. Be it through awful orthodoxies or legality illusions, it shows how a lawyer's naturally uncomfortable relationship with truth and justice can become improper or even criminal. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
Inequality and its evolution over time are increasingly important subjects within the social sciences, particularly in the field of political economy. This Element identifies for the first time which inequality measures are best suited to capture the dynamics of inequality. The author generates a dataset of twelve types of inequality measures for 108 years across 34 countries using mortality distributions. When modelling inequality as a fractionally integrated process and using a Vector Autoregression approach, they find that mean-independent inequality measures are more suited to dynamic studies. In contrast, however, mean-dependent measures are unsuitable for dynamic studies. They suggest that no inequality measure should be used for dynamic purposes without rigorously testing its suitability. Tests of temporal normality and volatility serve as excellent "marker" tests of whether a chosen inequality measure is suitable for dynamic contexts. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
How are the humanities transformed in the digital era? This book describes the reconstruction of the humanities after the largest shifts in the production of knowledge since the printing press. It addresses a wide range of disciplines, providing a history of those shifts and how humanists have responded to them. It argues that we are all digital humanists now, since we are all addressed by an era of pervasive digital research, reading, teaching, and learning. This book provides a history of digital transformations in the humanities since the first computers, defines the digital humanities through specific communities, conversations, tactics, and intersections, and poses the key questions of the field. Rather than particular technologies or tools, this Introduction centers on the lasting intellectual objects, methods, and concerns of the humanities from the late medieval period to the explosive growth of generative AI.
Applied linguists' interests and values have expanded in synergy with evolving technologies over the past decades, and with the tools and concepts developed in other disciplines. This timely book explains applied linguists' interest in technology in connection with their study of language-related problems in the real world. The decades of history and intersections with other disciplines provide background for introducing 11 types of technology-mediated language learning activities, grounded in the research-practice interface characterizing applied linguistics. Examples of past research are interpreted through the lens of design-based research to examine how design principles are developed for language learning and language assessment. Concrete implications are outlined for language pedagogy and its evaluation, language teacher education, and technology studies in applied linguistics. These foundations of technology and language learning will animate a spirit of critical professional inquiry toward current and future digital technologies as they intersect with language learners.
Why are some deeply divided societies able to craft stable constitutional regimes while others have failed and continue to be mired in endless communal conflict? This puzzle constitutes the central question this book seeks to address. This book is directed at scholars who wish to understand the riddles of constitutional performance in deeply divided societies, and those who are interested in understanding Afghanistan's troubled constitutional history. By providing the most comprehensive account of the drafting and performance of Afghanistan's 2004 constitution, the book is aimed at scholars who want to understand the nuances of the process that produced the Constitution and evaluate its performance with fresh eyes. The world is full of divided, post-conflict societies which continue to witness tragic violent conflicts. This book is thus a valuable resource for policy makers who are currently grappling with how to approach thorny problems of constitutional design and nation-building in these societies.
The year 1859 produced major works by writers including George Eliot, Charles Darwin, and Charles Dickens. They represent some of the greatest literary, political, social, and scientific achievements of the Victorian period, and have come to embody a substantial part of what we mean by the term 'Victorian'. In Britain in 1859: Custom, History, Modernity, these enduring texts are read alongside key events of the year; other significant publications from authors such as Collins, Smiles, Mill, Tennyson, and Beeton; and newspapers and periodicals. Gail Marshall reveals a year which was innovatory but also deeply conflicted about how to accommodate and acknowledge change within contemporary thought and practice. Custom, as the year's predominant and most readily available historical form, enabled the Victorians of 1859 to negotiate with the past as they faced the future.