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This book examines a group of mostly Social Democratic resisters and emigres whose biographies from the Nazi seizure of power until the defeat and occupation of Germany caused a radical change in the constitutional politics of postwar West Germany. Most notably, they embraced the idea of a 'militant democracy' in which the free democratic order would be protected from democracy's supposedly self-destructive proclivities by banning extremist parties and organizations from the political arena and empowering what is arguably the strongest constitutional court in the world to review legislation, enforce militant democracy and generally act as a 'guardian of the constitution.' This was an antifascist response to popular support for the German dictatorship and its worst crimes. In the postwar, these anti-Nazis empowered courts to review legislation as a way to try Nazi war criminals and purge Nazi ideology from German law.
Scrupulosity is sometimes regarded as a form of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) which focuses especially on religious obsessions and compulsions, or more generally as an excessive form of religious or spiritual perfectionism. In this Element, drawing on my own experiences and those of people within different religious traditions, I will expand our understanding of the phenomenology of scrupulosity, including ways it is experienced differently by people within different religious traditions. Next, I will consider why there is scrupulosity, exploring psychological and theological perspectives. Finally, I will then turn to the question of whether scrupulosity can be spiritually innocent; i.e. that, in spite of scrupulosity being (I argue) a spiritual disability, a person might gain spiritual benefits as a result of having scrupulosity that they would probably not otherwise gain. Finally, I will consider the implications of my argument for clinical and pastoral contexts, and for the philosophy of religion.
Since the release of ChatGPT in late 2022, computers have demonstrated fluent interaction with humans through language. For linguists and lawyers, whose work is primarily language-based, the impact is poised to be significant. This Element explores the science and technology underlying LLMs, showing how their successes validate linguistic theories and can help linguistics evolve, with a focus on forensic and legal applications. By walking through the concepts behind current LLMs and connecting them to linguistic principles, it demonstrates how LLMs can assist the forensic and legal linguist through two toy experiments - one in rule construction and one in authorship attribution - with interesting results. It concludes that, while LLMs warrant caution regarding their pitfalls, they can help forensic and legal linguistics achieve greater rigor and success, provided the community develops appropriate constraints and protocols for their use.
Volume II offers an authoritative new guide to life in the Crusader States of the Levant and the Eastern Mediterranean. Across nineteen chapters, leading experts explore how the crusaders not only imposed their own ideas and practices on the Levant but also adapted to its diverse landscapes and societies. With a strong emphasis on material culture, this volume offers a series of interpretative essays covering medicine, law, intellectual life and religious practice, while also providing a fresh treatment of topics including warfare, castles, the Military Orders, art, architecture, archaeology, and many aspects of daily life.
This Element explores the politics of invasive alien species (IAS) through the lens of critical heritage studies, highlighting how species management intersects with cultural values, identity, and notions of belonging. Focusing on two Swedish case studies-the Garden Lupin and the Signal Crayfish-it examines how environmental and heritage discourses are entangled in practices of conservation and tradition. IAS management is framed as 'heritage work,' shaped by emotional attachments, historical narratives, and affective alliances. By treating IAS not only as ecological threats but as cultural phenomena, the Element challenges dominant ecological paradigms, emphasizing the socio-political dimensions of nature conservation. It argues that understandings of 'native' and 'non-native' are shaped by memory, tradition, and temporality, often leading to conflicting interpretations of landscape and heritage. This interdisciplinary approach offers new insights into the cultural dynamics underpinning environmental governance in the Anthropocene. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Element argues that Plato's medical language in political contexts is not mere metaphor but a medical model of political analysis. Centering on the Republic, it shows how Plato adopts, critiques, and reworks Hippocratic ideas to diagnose, explain, evaluate, and treat political conditions. The payoff is a solution to a central puzzle: how the ideal city can be exceptionally stable yet liable to degenerate into vice. Its stability, I argue, consists in a robustness and resilience analogous to bodily health, sustained by protective institutions and practices; its fragility lies in the inevitable fallibility of those protections, which cannot indefinitely prevent, arrest, or reverse corruption over time. The Element then identifies a corrupt paideia-understood as a city-wide system of acculturation-as the singular, foundational cause of political degeneration, and closes by drawing lessons about the limits and prospects of genuine reform.
This Element introduces the study of Deep Time Heritage as a new field of critical global research. It applies a critical heritage perspective to the archaeology of the Pliocene, Pleistocene and earlier Holocene as it engages with data and interpretations on so-called hunting/gathering/fishing societies. Using a range of case studies, debates and key topics, the Element explores different processes, negotiations, and contestations through which these forms of archaeological and palaeoanthropological research are transformed into contemporary heritage. It argues that this past is 'keystone heritage' and disproportionally shapes conversations on both present and future. It thus advocates for greater critical reflexivity in the study of humanity's deep past and its construction in the present and – in this context – a greater awareness of the importance of the intersection between archaeological knowledge production and public and political discourses.
Scholars have long recognized John's dual focus on Jesus's relationship to God's presence and his impending physical absence. Yet attention to Jesus's absence is often restricted to the Farewell Discourse. Josiah D. Hall here provides an innovative reading of John's Gospel, arguing that tension between Jesus's presence and absence develops throughout the narrative and is integral to the Gospel's plot. Drawing on sources from across the ancient Mediterranean basin, Hall contends that John leverages conceptions of how deities would manifest their presence to clarify that Jesus is the enfleshed divine presence. Likewise, John depicts Jesus's absence by drawing on motifs of divine departure, especially those which understand a deity's absence as judgment. Attending closely to the paradoxical import of Jesus's presence and absence in John, Hall provides insights on classic Johannine riddles, including John's perspectives on the temple, the characters he labels as 'the Jews', and the Spirit-Paraclete's relationship to Jesus.
This book is a politically urgent and critically rigorous study of the reemergence of tragedy in American literature since 1945. It argues that literature appeals to tragic forms and figures to narrate the lived experience of labor during a period of social upheaval. In the novels of William Gaddis, Sylvia Plath, Thomas Pynchon, Kathy Acker, Philip Roth and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, the generic coordinates of tragedy attach to the precarious work lives of multiple characters in ways that bring labor into direct conversation with a literary history of tragedy. It explores Faustian pacts in The Recognitions (1955) and the inescapable determinism of The Bell Jar (1963), through the sacrificial scapegoat and singing choruses of Gravity's Rainbow (1973), the Oedipal reckoning of Blood and Guts in Highschool (1984), to the Shakespearean bloodlines of The Human Stain (2000) and the tragic forms of alienation in Americanah (2013).
Comparing four displaced communities in four early modern sanctuary cities (Rome, Venice, Livorno, and London), I show that refugees were not only the victims of state violence but actively negotiated with governments, contributing to the creation of asylum and resettlement policies. Reading the multilingual corpus of early modern refugee literature, I study the discursive practices that displaced people used to prevent persecution and secure rights for their communities. Thus, the history of displacement that emerges from this volume is not simply a “history from below,” solely centered on persecuted minorities but rather a larger 'refugee history,' that studies both institutions and communities, and recovers the norms and practices that arose in response to forced migration. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Immersive Global Middle Ages emerges from a National Endowment for the Humanities–funded institute that explored how immersive digital environments can transform research and teaching about the global Middle Ages. Recognizing the medieval world as interconnected and culturally diverse, this Element situates digital tools within broader discussions of globalization, interdisciplinarity, and humanistic method. The authors examine how virtual reality, 3D modeling, and game-based learning can reconstruct and interpret premodern worlds, extending traditional scholarship into new experiential forms. The Element offers both theoretical frameworks and practical guidance for scholars and teachers developing projects that reflect the complexity of global medieval cultures. Foregrounding collaboration and innovation, The Immersive Global Middle Ages demonstrates that immersive technologies do more than visualize the past-they reshape how we understand cultural networks, knowledge exchange, and the shared human experience linking medieval and modern worlds. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
This Element explores the colonial foundations and imperial design of offshore finance, arguing that tax havens are not anomalies but central to global capitalism. Centering the Caribbean and Puerto Rico, it shows how colonial legality and geopolitical subordination produced zones marked by a logic of inclusive exclusion, where secrecy, corporate power, and tax injustice are normalized. Drawing on TWAIL and law and political economy, the Element introduces the concepts of colonial state of exception and the corporate citizen as key legal formations of the colonial offshore economy. It examines how secrecy, financial services, and fintech enable corporations to externalize harm and evade accountability, and how tax reforms, like the OECD's Pillar Two and the UN Tax Convention, often reproduce colonial and racialized hierarchies. The Element concludes with a call to abolish the colonial offshore economy and to uplift grassroots movements across the Caribbean that demand transparency, sovereignty, and justice.
This Element gives an advanced introduction to string diagrams and graph languages for higher-order computation. The subject matter develops in a principled way, starting from the two dimensional syntax of key categorical concepts such as functors, adjunctions, and strictication, and leading up to Cartesian Closed Categories, the core mathematical model of the lambda calculus and of functional programming languages. This methodology inverts the usual approach of proceeding from syntax to a categorical interpretation, by rationally reconstructing a syntax from the categorical model. The result is a graph syntax-more precisely, a hierarchical hypergraph syntax-which in many ways is shown to be an improvement over the conventional linear term syntax. The rest of the Element focuses on applications of interest to programming languages: operational semantics, general frameworks for type inference, and complex whole-program transformations such as closure conversion and automatic differentiation. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
The Element advances understanding of women's representation by focusing on local office, where women might be expected to express greater interest and face fewer disadvantages. Using an original survey of civically and politically engaged people, the authors find that the ambition gender gap extends to local office, including elected and appointed positions. Ambitious women are also more likely to seek only local office. Men express high ambition in nearly every circumstance, but women do so only under ideal conditions. Women's engagement in their communities and in politics is driven by communal rather than agentic goals, which affects the types and levels of office they seek. Women's lower levels of perceived qualification and recruitment help explain the ambition gender gap at the local level. A more equitable political opportunity structure and an understanding of politics as an arena for problem-solving, rather than power-seeking, could help address women's underrepresentation.
This Element examines the relationship between mental health and religiosity from an evolutionary perspective. Drawing on psychology, anthropology, and health science, it explores the origins of religiosity and the cultural evolution of religious traditions to identify how religious beliefs, behaviors, and affiliations have influenced human psychosocial functioning over time. First, it defines the concepts of mental health and religiosity and then summarizes research on contemporary associations between them. This synthesis highlights the multidimensionality of each construct and the variability in their association across individuals and cultural contexts. Building on theory, the Element introduces a novel multilevel framework to explain how religiosity and mental health have interacted differently across evolutionary, cultural, and personal timescales. It concludes by considering applications of this evolutionary science, proposing that individuals who understand how religiosity and mental health are associated can more intentionally cultivate personal forms of religiosity that benefit, rather than hinder, well-being.
Marking the centennial of John Dewey's Experience and Nature (1925), this volume offers the first book-length critical guide to what is widely considered Dewey's philosophical masterpiece. Written by an international team of leading scholars, the book explores Experience and Nature's enduring relevance across a range of fields, including philosophy, science, education, aesthetics, political theory, and cultural studies. Each chapter addresses key themes and concepts from Dewey's work-such as naturalism, embodiment, value, language, and the continuity of experience and nature-while situating them in relation to contemporary debates. This interdisciplinary volume is ideal for students and researchers in pragmatism, American philosophy, intellectual history, and democratic theory. Clear, engaging, and rich, it is an essential resource for understanding one of the most ambitious and original contributions to twentieth-century philosophy.
Science today is trapped between blurred motives and urgent demands. We invest billions expecting both paradigm-shattering insight and deployable technology, yet our funding systems seldom distinguish between those disparate aims. The Edge of Purpose argues that, in today's ecosystem, conflating curiosity-driven inquiry with technology development stifles each. Tracing the long arc from Aristotle to AI, the Element shows how post-war policy hardened an outdated linear model and how even refined schemes (e.g., Pasteur's Quadrant) still neglect knowledge that is valuable without being useful. A complementary 'Knowledge-Level' (KL) scale is proposed, parallel to Technology Readiness Levels, to map the maturation of understanding itself. Re-aligning incentives around distinct KL and TRL tracks, while building bridges for serendipity, can reinvigorate discovery, accelerate innovation, and restore public trust. Clear purpose, not bigger budgets alone, is the key to unlocking science's full creative power. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
The Wise Club reconstructs the collaborative intellectual culture in which the Scottish philosophy of common sense first emerged in the Aberdeen Philosophical Society between 1758 and 1773. Rather than attributing this school of thought to a single founder, the study traces how David Skene, John Gregory, Thomas Reid, George Campbell, Alexander Gerard, and James Beattie developed distinct yet compatible inquiries across different branches of knowledge through a disciplined culture of inquiry. Their collective commitment to an inductive investigation of the original faculties of the human mind extended common sense beyond epistemology to natural history, medicine, rhetoric, aesthetics, moral philosophy, and imaginative literature. Drawing on unpublished discourses, abstracted discussions, lecture notes, and correspondence, this Element situates the Wise Club in a formative context that produced canonical works of the Scottish Enlightenment and reinterprets common sense philosophy as a characteristic method of inquiry rather than a unified doctrinal system.
Most studies of ancient Israelite families have taken children for granted. Scholarship assumed children were present but, thinking that children were invisible in the archaeological record, it did not pay much attention to them. In recent years, a new emerging field of inquiry promises to enrich and expand our understanding of children and the family in ancient Israel. Utilizing text and archaeology, this Element explores how children had an impact on the family and its household. It first considers why children were desired and explores the ways in which children entered the ancient Israelite household. The subsequent sections examine different aspects of a child's life within the family, including issues of gender and culture, household religion, death, and items used by children in their daily lives. What becomes apparent is that children were not overlooked by their families but were treated as a valuable component of the ancient Israelite household.