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2251 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 43 of 113

Sixty Years of Visible Protest in the Disability Struggle for Equality, Justice, and Inclusion

Sixty Years of Visible Protest in the Disability Struggle for Equality, Justice, and Inclusion
  • David Pettinicchio
  • Published online:
    16 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • Visible protests reflect both continuity and change. This Element illustrates how protest around longstanding issues and grievances is punctuated by movement dynamics as well as broader cultural and institutional environments. The disability movement is an example of how activist networks and groups strategically adapt to opportunity and threat, linking protest waves to the development of issue politics. The Element examines sixty years of protest across numerous issue areas that matter for disability including social welfare, discrimination, transportation, healthcare, and media portrayals. Situating visible protest in this way provides a more nuanced picture of cycles of contention as they relate to political and organizational processes, strategies and tactics, and short-and-long-term outcomes. It also provides clues about why protest ebbs and flows, when and how protest matters, who it matters for, and for what.
The Problem of Private Health Insurance

The Problem of Private Health Insurance
  • Insights from Middle-Income Countries
  • Susan F. Murray
  • Published online:
    15 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • Financial markets, actors, institutions and technologies are increasingly determining which kinds of services and 'welfare' are available, how these are narrated, and what comes to represent the 'common sense' in the policy world and in everyday life. This Element problematises the rationale and operation of one such financial technology, private health insurance, and the industry it inhabits. It offers a cross-disciplinary overview of the various drivers of these markets in middle-income countries and their appeal for development institutions and for governments. Using a range of illustrative case examples and drawing on critical scholarship it considers how new markets are pursued and how states are entangled with market development. It reflects on how the private health insurance sector in turn is shaping and segmenting health systems, and also our ideas about rights, fairness and responsibility.
Cultural Psychology and Acculturation

Cultural Psychology and Acculturation
  • Pawel Boski
  • Published online:
    15 March 2024
    Print publication:
    09 May 2024
  • This Element offers a new theoretical model of acculturation within the general framework of cultural psychology. It is divided into four sections. First, cross-cultural and cultural orientations are contrasted. The psychology of economic migration (EARN), separate from the psychology of acculturation (LEARN), is the theme of the next section. Berry's model of acculturation preferences is discussed in section three. It serves as a contrasting reference point for the tripartite model of bicultural competencies, developed in the final section. The three interconnected components are symbols, language, and values/practices characterize both enculturation and acculturation. As a second culture learning process, acculturation is not restricted to immigration. It may take a vicarious (remote) shape in the home country. Reaching bicultural competencies and identities, in the long run, is the proposed outcome of acculturation.
The Anarchist Turn in Twenty-First Century Leftwing Activism

The Anarchist Turn in Twenty-First Century Leftwing Activism
  • John Markoff, Hillary Lazar, Benjamin S. Case, Daniel P. Burridge
  • Published online:
    14 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • Leftwing activism of recent decades exhibits an anarchist turn evident in quantitative indicators like mentions of anarchists in news reports and by activists adopting anarchist modes of organization, tactics, and social goals-whether or not they claim that label. The authors of this Element argue that the very crises that generated radical mobilizations since the turn of the millennium have both led activists to reject other strategies for social transformation and to see anarchist practices as appropriate to the challenges of our time. This turn is clearly apparent in the Americas and Europe, and has reverberations on an even broader transnational, perhaps global, scale. This suggests the need for research on social movements to consider anarchists and other marginalized radical traditions more fully, not just as objects of study, but as important sources of theory.
Writing Mobile Lives, 1500–1700

Writing Mobile Lives, 1500–1700
  • Eva Johanna Holmberg
  • Published online:
    14 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
    • Element
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  • This Element develops and showcases a new methodological framework in which to study the connections between early modern travel writing and life- and self-writing. Turning the scholarly focus in the study of travel writing from eye-witnessing and proto-ethnography of foreign lands to the 'fashioned' and portrayed selves and 'inner worlds' of travellers – personal memory, autobiographical practices, and lived yet often heavily mediated travel experiences – it opens up perspectives to travel writing in its many modes, that extend both before and after 'lived' travels into their many pre- and afterlives in textual form. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
A Historical Review of Swedish Strategy Research and the Rigor-Relevance Gap

A Historical Review of Swedish Strategy Research and the Rigor-Relevance Gap
  • Thomas Kalling, Lars Bengtsson
  • Published online:
    14 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
  • There are many explanations for the so-called rigor-relevance gap in academic research on strategic management. This Element reviews the existing literature on the matter and argues that it must go beyond the typical explanations of knowledge and language differences and look at more fundamental, societal, and cultural explanations. The empirical focus of this Element is the history and possible particularities of strategic management research in Sweden where the authors show how almost 300 years of relevance-centered research have undergone significant changes over the last 30 years, and that the historical development is based very much on societal pressure, academic culture and shifting perspectives on the role of academic research. The authors conclude by offering a couple of examples of how Swedish research, close to its traditional approaches, still can contribute to relevance and thus help balance the rigor-relevance divide.
Lockean Liberalism in International Relations

Lockean Liberalism in International Relations
  • Alexandru V. Grigorescu, Claudio J. Katz
  • Published online:
    13 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
  • This Element applies a new version of liberalism to international relations (IR), one that derives from the political theory of John Locke. It begins with a survey of liberal IR theories, showing that the main variants of this approach have all glossed over classical liberalism's core concern: fear of the state's concentrated power and the imperative of establishing institutions to restrain its inevitable abuse. The authors tease out from Locke's work its 'realist' elements: his emphasis on politics, power, and restraints on power (the 'Lockean tripod'). They then show how this Lockean approach (1) complements existing liberal approaches and answers some of the existing critiques directed toward them, (2) offers a broader analytical framework for several very different strands of IR literature, and (3) has broad theoretical and practical implications for international relations.
The Dark Matter of Pragmatics

The Dark Matter of Pragmatics
  • Known Unknowns
  • Stephen C. Levinson
  • Published online:
    12 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
    • Element
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  • This Element tries to discern the known unknowns in the field of pragmatics, the 'Dark Matter' of the title. We can identify a key bottleneck in human communication, the sheer limitation on the speed of speech encoding: pragmatics occupies the niche nestled between slow speech encoding and fast comprehension. Pragmatic strategies are tricks for evading this tight encoding bottleneck by meaning more than you say. Five such tricks are reviewed, which are all domains where we have made considerable progress. We can then ask for each of these areas, where have we neglected to push the frontier forward? These are the known unknowns of pragmatics, key areas, and topics for future research. The Element thus offers a brief review of some central areas of pragmatics, and a survey of targets for future research. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Strategizing in the Polish Furniture Industry

Strategizing in the Polish Furniture Industry
  • Paulina Bednarz-Łuczewska
  • Published online:
    12 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
  • The Element provides a broad overview of the Polish furniture industry. It tells the story of a sector that grew from a bundle of craftsmen into Europe's largest and the world's second-largest furniture exporter within three decades. This is also the story of a sector marked by a subordinate role in global value chains and a mediocre ranking in the global value capture game. Equipped with the methods of anthropology and the theoretical lenses of strategic management, the author guides the reader through the living world of the sector's strategists – their environment, resources, and dilemmas. The Element reconstructs how the strategists engage in creative dialogue with factors at the macro level (semi-peripheral economy, global value chain position), meso level (human capital, governmental programs) and micro level (family traditions, personal interests) to create their unique business models.
The Evolved Mind and Modern Education

The Evolved Mind and Modern Education
  • Status of Evolutionary Educational Psychology
  • David C. Geary
  • Published online:
    12 March 2024
    Print publication:
    23 May 2024
  • Humans have an extraordinary ability to create evolutionarily novel knowledge, such as writing systems and mathematics. This accumulated knowledge over several millennia supports large, dynamic societies that now require children to learn this novel knowledge in educational settings. This Element provides a framework for understanding the evolution of the brain systems that enable innovation and novel learning and how these systems can act on human cognitive universals, such as language, to create evolutionarily novel abilities, such as reading and writing. Critical features of these networks include the top-down control of attention, which is central to the formation of evolutionarily novel abilities, as well as self-awareness and mental time travel that support academic self-concepts and the generation of long-term educational goals. The basics of this framework are reviewed and updated here, as are implications for instructional practices.
Conscientious Objection in Medicine

Conscientious Objection in Medicine
  • Mark Wicclair
  • Published online:
    12 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • The Element examines ethical and conceptual issues about conscientious objection in medicine. Concepts analyzed include conscientious objection, conscientious provision, conscience, moral complicity, and moral integrity. Several ongoing ethical controversies are identified and critically analyzed. One is a disagreement about whether conscientious objection is compatible with physicians' professional obligations. The Element argues that incompatibilists fail to offer a justifiable specification of professional obligations that supports their position. The Element also argues that a challenge for compatibilists who support a reason-giving requirement is to specify justifiable and unambiguous criteria for reviewing objectors' reasons. Arguments for and against requirements to inform and refer patients are critically analyzed, and an alternative, context-dependent requirement is offered. Another subject of controversy is about the justifiability of asymmetry between responses to conscientious objectors and conscientious providers. Typically, only the former receive accommodation. The Element critically examines arguments for asymmetry and maintains that none provides a convincing justification.
Crisis Theatre and The Living Newspaper

Crisis Theatre and The Living Newspaper
  • Sarah Jane Mullan, Sarah Bartley
  • Published online:
    12 March 2024
    Print publication:
    11 April 2024
  • Crisis Theatre and The Living Newspapers traces a history of the living newspaper as a theatre of crisis from Soviet Russia (1910s), through the Federal Theatre Project of the Great Depression in America (1930s), to Augusto Boal's teatro jornal in Brazil (1970s), and its resonance with documentary forms deployed in the final years of apartheid in South Africa (1990s), up until the present day in the UK (2020s). Across this Element, the author is interested in what a transnational and transhistorical examination of the living newspaper through the lens of crisis reveals about the ways in which theatre can intervene in our collective social, economic and political life. By holding these diverse examples together, the author asserts the Living Newspaper as a form of Crisis Theatre.
Have Repertoire, Will Travel

Have Repertoire, Will Travel
  • Nonviolence as Global Contentious Performance
  • Selina R. Gallo-Cruz
  • Published online:
    12 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
  • Nonviolence is celebrated and practiced around the world, as a universal 'method for all human conflict.' This Element describes how nonviolence has evolved into a global repertoire, a patterned form of contentious political performance that has spread as an international movement of movements, systematizing and institutionalizing particular forms of protest as best claims-making practice. It explains how the formal organizational efforts of social movement emissaries and favorable and corresponding global models of state and civic participation have enabled the globalization of nonviolence. The Element discusses a historical perspective of this process to illuminate how understanding nonviolence as a contentious performance can explain the repertoire's successes and failures across contexts and over time. The Element underscores the dynamics of contention among global repertoires and suggests future research more closely examines the challenges posed by institutionalization.
Courts and Politics in Southeast Asia

Courts and Politics in Southeast Asia
  • Bjoern Dressel
  • Published online:
    11 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
  • Courts around the globe have become central players in governance, those in Southeast Asia have been no exception. This Element analyses the historical foundations, patterns, and drivers of judicialization of politics by mapping critical junctures that have shaped the emergence of modern courts in the region and providing a basic typology of courts and politics that extends the analysis to the contemporary situation. It also offers a new relational theory that helps explain the dynamics of judicial recruitment, decision-making, court performance-and ultimately perceptions of judicial legitimacy. In a region where power is often concentrated among oligarchs and clientelist political dynamics persist, it posits that courts are best comprehended as institutional hybrids. These hybrids seamlessly blend formal and informal practices, with profound implications for how Southeast Asian courts are molding both the rule of law and political governance.
Authorship Analysis in Chinese Social Media Texts

Authorship Analysis in Chinese Social Media Texts
  • Shaomin Zhang
  • Published online:
    08 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
    • Element
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  • This Element explores the sentiment and keyword features in both authorship profiling and authorship attribution in social media texts in the Chinese cultural context. The key findings can be summarised as follows: firstly, sentiment scores and keyword features are distinctive in delineating authors' gender and age. Specifically, female and younger authors tend to be less optimistic and use more personal pronouns and graduations than male and older authors, respectively. Secondly, these distinctive profiling features are also distinctive and significant in authorship attribution. Thirdly, our mindset, shaped by our inherent hormonal influences and external social experiences, plays a critical role in authorship. Theoretically, the findings expand authorship features into underexplored domains and substantiate the theory of mindset. Practically, the findings offer some broad quantitative benchmarks for authorship profiling cases in the Chinese cultural context, and perhaps other contexts where authorship profiling analyses have been used. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Archaeology of the Roman Conquest

Archaeology of the Roman Conquest
  • Tracing the Legions, Reclaiming the Conquered
  • Manuel Fernández-Götz, Nico Roymans
  • Published online:
    07 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
  • This Element volume provides an up-to-date synthesis of the archaeology of the Roman conquest, combining new theoretical and methodological approaches with the latest fieldwork results. Recent advances in conflict archaeology research are revolutionising our knowledge of Rome's military campaigns in Western and Central Europe, allowing scholars to reassess the impact of the conquest on the indigenous populations. The volume explores different types of material evidence for the Roman wars of conquest, including temporary camps, battlefields, coinage production, and regional settlement patterns. These and other topics are examined using four case studies: Caesar's Gallic Wars, the Cantabrian and Asturian Wars, the Germanic Wars of Augustus, and the Roman conquest of Britain. By focusing on the 'dark sides' of the Roman expansion and reclaiming the memory of the conquered, the Element aims to contribute to a more holistic understanding of the processes of incorporation and integration into the Roman Empire.
Animal Minds

Animal Minds
  • Marta Halina
  • Published online:
    07 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
  • Animal minds are complex and diverse, making them difficult to study. This Element focuses on a question that has received much attention in the field of comparative cognition: 'Do animals reason about unobservable variables like force and mental states?' The Element shows how researchers design studies and gather evidence to address this question. Despite the many virtues of current methods, hypotheses in comparative cognition are often underdetermined by the empirical evidence. Given this, philosophers and scientists have recently called for additional behavioral constraints on theorizing in the field. The Element endorses this proposal (known as 'signature testing'), while also arguing that studies on animal minds would benefit from drawing more heavily on neuroscience and biology.
Mobile Landscapes and Their Enduring Places

Mobile Landscapes and Their Enduring Places
  • Bruno David, Jean-Jacques Delannoy, Jessie Birkett-Rees
  • Published online:
    07 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
  • This Element presents emerging concepts and analytical tools in landscape archaeology. In three major sections bookended by an Introduction and Conclusion, the Element discusses current and emerging ideas and methods by which to explore how people in the past engaged with each other and their physical settings across the landscape, creating their lived environments in the process. The Element reviews the scales and temporalities that inform the study of human movements in and between places. Learning about how people engaged with each other at individual sites and across the landscape deep in the past is best achieved through transdisciplinary approaches, in which archaeologists integrate their methods with those of other specialists. The Element introduces these ideas through new research and multiple case studies from around the world, culminating in how to 'archaeomorphologically' map anthropic constructions in caves and their contemporary environments.
Law, Mobilization, and Social Movements

Law, Mobilization, and Social Movements
  • How Many Masters?
  • Whitney K. Taylor, Sidney Tarrow
  • Published online:
    06 March 2024
    Print publication:
    28 March 2024
  • Legal and social movement scholars have long puzzled over the role of movements in moving, being moved by, and changing the meanings of the law. But for decades, these two strands of scholarship only dovetailed at their edges, in the work of a few far-seeing scholars. The fields began to more productively merge before and after the turn of the century. In this Element, the authors take an interactive approach to this problem and sketch four mechanisms that seem promising in effecting a true fusion: legal mobilization, legal-political opportunity structure, social construction, and movement-countermovement interaction. The Element also illustrates the workings and interactions of these four mechanisms from two examples of the authors' work: the campaign for same-sex marriage in the United States and social constitutionalism in South Africa.
Grounding, Fundamentality and Ultimate Explanations

Grounding, Fundamentality and Ultimate Explanations
  • Ricki Bliss
  • Published online:
    05 March 2024
    Print publication:
    04 April 2024
  • There is a long lineage of philosophers concerned with coming to understand what explains everything broadly construed, or within a certain, restricted domain. We call such explanations ultimate explanations. Contemporarily, philosophers of a certain stripe have devoted much attention to the notion of fundamentality - that there is something which is without explanation. This Element explores some of the connections between fundamentality and ultimate explanations both contemporarily and historically.

Page 43 of 113