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2111 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 46 of 106

Beyond Compassion

Beyond Compassion
  • Gender and Humanitarian Action
  • Dolores Martín-Moruno
  • Published online:
    09 November 2023
    Print publication:
    07 December 2023
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  • This is a call to engage with the histories of emotions and the senses, as well as with the new history of experiences, in order to write a gendered history of humanitarian action. This Element challenges essentialist interpretations according to which women have undertaken humanitarian action because of their allegedly compassionate nature. Instead, it shows how humanitarianism has allowed women to participate in international politics by claiming their rights as citizens, struggling against class inequalities, racial segregation and sexual discrimination in the light of disparate feelings such as resentment, hope, trust, shame and indignation. Ultimately, these case studies are understood to represent historically created moral economies of care: distinctive ways of feeling, performing and knowing humanitarianism which have evolved in relation to shifting emotional values associated with what it means to be human. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Creative Classical Translation

Creative Classical Translation
  • Paschalis Nikolaou
  • Published online:
    08 November 2023
    Print publication:
    07 December 2023
  • This Element surveys transmissions of ancient Greek and Latin texts into anglophone literatures, often straddling boundaries between translational responsibility and adaptive, re-creative textual practices. Attention to manifestations of and reasons for versioning, retranslation, hybridity, and translation as experiment, compels an introductory discussion of evolving tendencies of classical reception; with particular dispositions relating to a sociocultural context such as that of the United States observed in Section 3. The role paratexts play in the dialogue between scholarship, literary art, and performance, is the focus of Section 4, while Section 2 presents readers with a range of English responses to Homer. Creativity through sites and positions of translation is a defining feature of the workings of literary traditions; and of antiquity and modernity, in constant dialogue. This Element explores numerous textual manifestations and reasons for invention, along with integrations of thinking on classical translation over the centuries, helping shape present-day translation studies.
Governance and Leadership

Governance and Leadership
  • Naomi J. Fulop, Angus I. G. Ramsay
  • Published online:
    08 November 2023
    Print publication:
    07 December 2023
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  • Lessons from service and system failures describe the pivotal roles played by governance and leadership in delivering high-quality, safe care. This Element sets out what the terms governance and leadership mean and how thinking about them has developed over time. Using real-world examples, the authors analyse research evidence on the influence of governance and leadership on quality and safety in healthcare at different levels in the health system: macro level (what national health systems do), meso level (what organisations do), and micro level (what teams and individuals do). The authors describe behaviours that may help boards focus on improving quality and show how different leadership approaches may contribute to delivering major system change. The Element presents some critiques of governance and leadership, including some challenges that can arise and gaps in the evidence, and then draws out lessons for those seeking to strengthen governance and leadership for improvement. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Short-Term Student Exchanges and Intercultural Learning

Short-Term Student Exchanges and Intercultural Learning
  • Gareth Humphreys
  • Published online:
    07 November 2023
    Print publication:
    07 December 2023
  • Short-term student exchanges can offer valuable opportunities for intercultural learning and to engage in intercultural communication using English (the language focus in this Element). However, research and educational practices often assume that the most effective intercultural learning occurs through interactions with local individuals in 'target' culture learning and adherence to standard English language norms. These assumptions overlook important learning opportunities from interactions in culturally and linguistically diverse settings as features of many international exchange experiences. This Element proposes a perspective in student exchange research and practice that reflects this diversity and encompasses the intercultural learning model of intercultural awareness, intercultural citizenship education, and Global Englishes.
Economic Transformation and Income Distribution in China over Three Decades

Economic Transformation and Income Distribution in China over Three Decades
  • Cai Meng, Bjorn Gustafsson, John Knight
  • Published online:
    03 November 2023
    Print publication:
    16 November 2023
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  • It is arguable that the most important event in the world economy in recent decades has been the rise of China, from being on a par with Sub Sahara Africa at the start of economic reform to being an economic superpower today. That rise remains under-researched. Moreover, the great structural changes which accompanied economic growth require examination. The nationally representative China Household Income Project (CHIP) surveys, conducted for the years 1988, 1995, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2018, permit a detailed examination of many important aspects of a country's economic development. Much of the analysis of this Element is closely related to, and largely caused by, China's remarkable economic growth and income distribution over the thirty years. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Interpreting as Translanguaging

Interpreting as Translanguaging
  • Theory, Research, and Practice
  • Lili Han, Zhisheng (Edward) Wen, Alan James Runcieman
  • Published online:
    31 October 2023
    Print publication:
    30 November 2023
  • Drawing on the emerging literature in translanguaging theory and research, the Element provides a comprehensive analysis of the embedded model of translanguaging-in-interpreting and interpreting-in-translanguaging from theoretical and practical perspectives, buttressed by evidence from an exploratory empirical investigation. To achieve this goal, the authors first trace the emergence and historical development of the key concepts and basic tenets of translanguaging and interpreting separately and then combined. This is followed by reviews of relevant literature, synthesizing how translanguaging theories and research methods can be applied in specific domains of interpreting studies, such as community and public service interpreting. An integrated account of translanguaging and interpreting is proposed and elaborated. The theoretical and methodological implications of this integrative perspective are teased out, with a view to illuminating interpreting theory, pedagogy and instruction.
Catholicism and the Problem of God

Catholicism and the Problem of God
  • Mark K. Spencer
  • Published online:
    27 October 2023
    Print publication:
    23 November 2023
  • This Element is an overview of the Catholic conception of God and of philosophical problems regarding God that arose during its historical development. After summarizing key Catholic doctrines, the first section considers problems regarding God that arose because Catholicism originally drew on both Jewish and Greek conceptions of God. The second section turns to controversies regarding God as Trinitarian and incarnate, which arose in early church councils, with reference to how that conception developed during the Middle Ages. In the third section, the author considers problems regarding God's actions towards creatures, including creation, providence, predestination, and the nature of divine action in itself. Finally, the last section considers problems regarding how we relate to God. The Element focuses on tensions among different Catholic spiritualities, and on problems having to do with analogical language about God and human desire for God.
The Crossings

The Crossings
  • Defining Slave to the Rhythm
  • Jeremy J. Wells
  • Published online:
    26 October 2023
    Print publication:
    23 November 2023
  • The album Slave to the Rhythm is typical of the exaltation of pop stars but atypical in its presentation and interaction with biographical material. Three crossings are considered in this assessment of the work: technological, cultural, and structural. These are presented with a detailed track-by-track analysis using a range of signal processing techniques, some adapted specifically for this project. This Element focuses on the combination of digital, novel, and analogue technology that was used, and the organisational and transformational treatments of recorded material it offered, along with their associated musical cultures. The way in which studio technology functions, and offers interaction with its users, has a direct influence over the sound of the music that is created with it. To understand how that influence is manifested in Slave, there is considerable focus on the development and use of music technology.
The Challenges of On-Call Neurosurgery

The Challenges of On-Call Neurosurgery
  • Abteen Mostofi, Marco Lee, Nihal Gurusinghe
  • Published online:
    23 October 2023
    Print publication:
    16 November 2023
  • On-call neurosurgery concerns practice related to urgent and emergency neurosurgical care including outside of 'normal' working hours. Being on-call involves many competing responsibilities and is regarded as one of the most demanding aspects of a neurosurgical career. The on-call work pattern has evolved over the past decade due to changes in demographics, technology and working practices, each of which have brought new and emerging challenges. These challenges aside, the on-call provides a unique and rewarding environment to make a meaningful difference to patients and to learn the science and art of neurosurgery. Success in on-call work requires not only good technical knowledge and application but also a wide variety of non-technical skills. These skills will help deal with some of the difficult situations neurosurgeons in training face when on-call to make the experience more manageable and educational.
Complexity in the Phonology of Tone

Complexity in the Phonology of Tone
  • Lian-Hee Wee, Mingxing Li
  • Published online:
    21 October 2023
    Print publication:
    16 November 2023
  • The complexity of tone can only be appreciated through phonological patterning that unveils structures beyond differences in pitch heights and contour profiles. Following an introduction on tone's ability to express lexical and grammatical contrasts, Section 2 explains that phonetically, fundamental frequency profiles make for the best descriptors. From these descriptions, Section 3 explains how, through postulations of subatomic entities that comprise tones, a language's tone inventory can be quite symmetrical. In looking at tone's independence from the syllable and segments, Section 4 establishes tone as an autosegment. Sections 5, 6, and 7 go on to discuss a myriad of complexities where tones interact with one another and with other phonological entities. Here, the authors offer a suggestion on how some of these interactions can be captured within the same analytical umbrella. Section 8 then peeks into tone's phonological properties through music and poetry.
A Green and Just Recovery from COVID-19?

A Green and Just Recovery from COVID-19?
  • Government Investment in the Energy Transition during the Pandemic
  • Kyla Tienhaara, Tom Moerenhout, Vanessa Corkal, Joachim Roth, Hannah Ascough, Jessica Herrera Betancur, Samantha Hussman, Jessica Oliver, Kabir Shahani, Tianna Tischbein
  • Published online:
    20 October 2023
    Print publication:
    16 November 2023
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  • Stimulus spending to address the economic crisis brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to either facilitate the transition away from fossil energy or to lock in carbon-intensive technologies and infrastructure for decades to come. Whether they are focused on green sectors or not, stimulus measures can alleviate or reinforce socio-economic inequality. This Element delves into the data in the Energy Policy Tracker to assess the extent to which energy policies adopted during the pandemic will expedite decarbonization and explores whether governments address inequities through policies targeted to disadvantaged, marginalized and underserved individuals and communities. The overall finding is that the recovery has not been sufficiently green or just. Nevertheless, a small number of policies aim to advance distributive justice and provide potential models for policymakers as they continue to attempt to 'build back better'. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Shakespeare and Place-Based Learning

Shakespeare and Place-Based Learning
  • Claire Hansen
  • Published online:
    20 October 2023
    Print publication:
    07 December 2023
  • Shakespeare and Place-Based Learning explores the potential of place for enriching Shakespeare pedagogy. Positioning place as a complex, multiperspectival phenomenon with stories and voices of its own, this Element considers place a partner in the learning process. The opening section traces the development of place-based education, culminating in a conceptual framework for use in Shakespeare pedagogy. Shakespeare and Place-Based Learning then examines how regional Australian students understand place in the Shakespeare classroom and presents a new definition of place designed for literary studies. This Element also investigates the challenges and potential of outdoor Shakespeare education through a case study of outdoor theatre workshops. Shakespeare and Place-Based Learning culminates with a pedagogical model and practical activities. This model aims to develop a learner's sense of place in two ways: through deepening their authentic engagement with and knowledge of Shakespeare's texts, and by expanding critical awareness of their environmental responsibilities.
The Behavioral Economics and Politics of Global Warming

The Behavioral Economics and Politics of Global Warming
  • Unsettling Behaviors
  • Hersh Shefrin
  • Published online:
    19 October 2023
    Print publication:
    16 November 2023
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  • The main goal of this Element is to provide a psychological explanation for why actual global climate policy is so greatly at odds with the prescriptions of most neoclassical economists. To be sure, the behavioral approach does focus on why neoclassical models are often psychologically unrealistic. However, in this Element the author argues that the unrealistic elements are minor compared to the psychological pitfalls driving politically determined climate policy. Why this is the case is what the author describes as the 'big behavioral question.' More precisely, the big behavioral question asks about unsettling behaviors, why there is a huge gap between actual policy and even the weakest of the prescriptions in the range of plausible recommendations coming from neoclassical economists' integrated assessment models. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Causal Factor Investing

Causal Factor Investing
  • Can Factor Investing Become Scientific?
  • Marcos M. López de Prado
  • Published online:
    12 October 2023
    Print publication:
    09 November 2023
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  • Virtually all journal articles in the factor investing literature make associational claims, in denial of the causal content of factor models. Authors do not identify the causal graph consistent with the observed phenomenon, they justify their chosen model specification in terms of correlations, and they do not propose experiments for falsifying causal mechanisms. Absent a causal theory, their findings are likely false, due to rampant backtest overfitting and incorrect specification choices. This Element differentiates between type-A and type-B spurious claims, and explains how both types prevent factor investing from advancing beyond its current phenomenological stage. It analyzes the current state of causal confusion in the factor investing literature, and proposes solutions with the potential to transform factor investing into a truly scientific discipline. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Mendelssohn and the Genesis of the Protestant A Cappella Movement

Mendelssohn and the Genesis of the Protestant A Cappella Movement
  • Siegwart Reichwald
  • Published online:
    10 October 2023
    Print publication:
    09 November 2023
  • Drawing on his experiences in Berlin under Schleiermacher and his travels to the Vatican, Mendelssohn, as the Director of Prussian Church Music, wanted to offer an edifying worship experience where large-scale choral works would become an indispensable part of the liturgy, which he saw as a performative or representational act, centered around the life of Christ. Yet he quickly realized that the court and clergy were not interested in his foundational concepts; they merely wanted reforms based on the restauration ideals espoused by Winterfeld and Thibaut. Analyses of his 25 Domchor compositions and their revisions in this Element chronicle Mendelssohn's stylistic development and his ability to continue to offer a Christological worship experience within strictly prescribed parameters. The Berlin Domchor and its new repertoire by Mendelssohn and contemporaneous composers quickly became the model for the emerging a cappella movement throughout Protestant Germany.
Taboo in Sign Languages

Taboo in Sign Languages
  • Donna Jo Napoli, Jami Fisher, Gene Mirus
  • Published online:
    05 October 2023
    Print publication:
    26 October 2023
  • Taboo topics in deaf communities include the usual ones found in spoken languages, as well as ones particular to deaf experiences, both in how deaf people relate to hearing people and how deaf people interact with other deaf people. Attention to these topics can help linguists understand better the consequences of field method choices and lead them to adopt better ones. Taboo expressions in American Sign Language are innovative regarding the linguistic structures they play with. This creativity is evident across the grammar in non-taboo expressions, but seems to revel in profane ones. When it comes to the syntax, however, certain types of structures occur in taboo expressions that are all but absent elsewhere, showing grammatical possibilities that might have gone unnoticed without attention to taboo. Taboo expressions are innovative, as well, in how they respond to changing culture, where lexical items that are incoherent with community sensibilities are 'corrected'.
Affective Bodily Awareness

Affective Bodily Awareness
  • Frédérique de Vignemont
  • Published online:
    28 September 2023
    Print publication:
    12 October 2023
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  • Most accounts of bodily self-awareness focus on its sensory and agentive dimensions, tracking the origins of our special relationship with our own body in the way we gain information about it and in the way we act with it. However, they often neglect a fundamental dimension of our subjective bodily life, namely, its affective dimension. This Element will discuss bodily self-awareness through the filter of its affective significance. It is organized around four core themes: (i) the relationship between bodily awareness and action in instrumental and protective contexts, (ii) the motivational role of pain and interoception, (iii) the sense of bodily ownership and its relation to the value of the body for survival, and (iv) bodily anchoring in peripersonal and egocentric awareness. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Moral Prerequisites of the Criminal Law

The Moral Prerequisites of the Criminal Law
  • Legal Moralism and the Problem of Mala Prohibita
  • Ambrose Y. K. Lee, Alexander F. Sarch
  • Published online:
    28 September 2023
    Print publication:
    19 October 2023
  • Modern states criminalise many actions that intuitively do not seem morally wrong, particularly in the context of regulating complex industries or activities. Are mala prohibita offences of this kind fundamentally mistaken? Many criminal law scholars have thought so and argued that conduct must be morally wrong to be legitimately criminalised. This Element examines the longstanding debates about whether this idea is right, and what we would lose if we either abandoned the criminal law's close connection to morality or our use of the very useful tool of mala prohibita crimes. This Element argues that there are a range of promising arguments for reconciling mala prohibita offences with the wrongness constraint on criminalisation. Thus, it seeks to shed light on the aims of the criminal law and the moral prerequisites for legitimate criminalisation.
What Placebos Teach Us about Health and Care

What Placebos Teach Us about Health and Care
  • A Philosopher Pops a Pill
  • Dien Ho
  • Published online:
    26 September 2023
    Print publication:
    14 December 2023
  • Placebo effects raise some fundamental questions concerning the nature of clinical and medical research. This Element begins with an overview of the different roles placebos play, followed by a survey of significant studies and dominant views about placebo mechanisms. It then critically examines the concept of placebo and offers a new definition that avoids the pitfalls of other attempts. The main philosophical lesson is that background medical theories provide the ontology for clinical and medical research. Because these theories often contain incoherent and arbitrary classifications, the concept of placebo inherits the same messiness. The Element concludes by highlighting some impending challenges for placebo studies.
Formal Ontology

Formal Ontology
  • Jani Hakkarainen, Markku Keinänen
  • Published online:
    21 September 2023
    Print publication:
    12 October 2023
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  • Formal ontology as a main branch of metaphysics investigates categories of being. In the formal ontological approach to metaphysics, these ontological categories are analysed by ontological forms. This analysis, which the Element illustrates by some category systems, provides a tool to assess the clarity, exactness and intelligibility of different category systems or formal ontologies. It discusses critically different accounts of ontological form in the literature. Of ontological form, the authors propose a character-neutral relational account. In this metatheory, ontological forms of entities are their standings in internal relations whose holding is neutral on the character of their relata. These relations are 'formal ontological relations'. The Element concludes by showing that our metatheory is useful for understanding categorial fundamentality/non-fundamentality, different formal ontologies, and for unifying metaphysical questions. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

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