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2111 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 48 of 106

Marketing Violence

Marketing Violence
  • The Affective Economy of Violent Imageries in the Dutch Republic
  • Frans-Willem Korsten, Inger Leemans, Cornelis van der Haven, Karel Vanhaesebrouck
  • Published online:
    31 August 2023
    Print publication:
    28 September 2023
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  • This Element describes the development of an affective economy of violence in the early modern Dutch Republic through the circulation of images. The Element outlines that while violence became more controlled in the course of the 17th century, with fewer public executions for instance, the realm of cultural representation was filled with violent imagery: from prints, atlases and paintings, through theatres and public spectacles, to peep boxes. It shows how emotions were evoked, exploited, and controlled in this affective economy of violence based on desires, interests and exploitation. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Pastoral Care through Letters in the British Atlantic

Pastoral Care through Letters in the British Atlantic
  • Alison Searle
  • Published online:
    30 August 2023
    Print publication:
    14 September 2023
  • Choosing the right words is itself an act of caregiving. Centring on correspondence archives allows pastoral letters to be analysed as a distinct literary genre that contributed in complex ways to early modern practices of caregiving, negotiating political oppression, geographical isolation, and colonial experimentation. Forms of care were solicited, given, and received through the material technology of the letter as a literary artefact. The exchange of letters created new bureaucratic and pastoral structures and entanglements between Protestant believers and others across the British Atlantic and reveals the contentious balance between care and cure within early modern communities. Pastoral care involves exercising power: epistolary exchanges sustain, exploit, shape, and distort the spiritual and material wellbeing of individuals and communities in a landscape fissured by religious division, enslavement, and imperial expansion.
Units of Selection

Units of Selection
  • Javier Suárez, Elisabeth A. Lloyd
  • Published online:
    30 August 2023
    Print publication:
    21 September 2023
  • This Element introduces the Disambiguating Project (DP) about the units of selection. By DP, the authors mean the thesis that the expression 'units of selection' refers to at least three non-co-extensional functional concepts: interactor, replicator/reproducer/reconstitutor, and manifestor of adaptation/type-1 agent. They present each concept and demonstrate the necessity of their isolation, because each of them responds to a distinct question about the units of selection, and these distinct questions are not always posed in combination in today's biological research. They further apply the framework to the analysis of the debates concerning the Evolutionary Transitions in Individuality (ETI) and argue that the DP interprets the ETI better than any project rejecting the three meanings of 'units of selection.' Thus, they claim that the differentiation between at least these three functional concepts is fundamental to clarify some conceptual confusions in biology, which rest on the conflation of these distinct meanings.
Varieties of Structural Transformation

Varieties of Structural Transformation
  • Patterns, Determinants, and Consequences
  • Kunal Sen
  • Published online:
    30 August 2023
    Print publication:
    21 September 2023
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  • One of the key features of modern economic growth is the process of structural transformation, which is the movement of workers from agriculture to manufacturing and services. In this study, the author identifies different routes to structural transformation that we see in the developing world. They address the theoretical, empirical and policy implications of the 'varieties of structural transformation' in low and middle income countries. Firstly, using a comparable high-quality dataset, they set out the stylized facts of structural transformation across the developing world. Secondly, they assess the classical and neoclassical approaches to structural transformation and review the recent theoretical developments in the literature. Thirdly, they undertake descriptive and econometric analysis of the drivers of structural transformation, and the relationship between structural transformation and inequality. Finally, they assess the policy implications of our study for developing countries. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
A Chinese Bureaucracy for Innovation-Driven Development?

A Chinese Bureaucracy for Innovation-Driven Development?
  • Alexandre De Podestá Gomes, Tobias ten Brink
  • Published online:
    25 August 2023
    Print publication:
    21 September 2023
  • This Element scrutinizes the attempts by the Chinese party-state bureaucracy since the 2000s to advance innovation and technological upgrading. It examines insights from the developmental state debate – the need for a bureaucracy to achieve internal coherence and the capacity of that bureaucracy both to forge coalitions between bureaucrats, businessmen, and scientists and to discipline domestic companies. Moreover, it assesses efforts to foster technological upgrading in the semiconductor and electric vehicle industries. While there are significant differences between China and earlier successful developmental states, with the former facing problems such as the legacies of short-termism, limited monitoring capabilities, and flawed discipline over business, the authors find that, compared with other emerging capitalist economies, the Chinese bureaucracy has developed strong capabilities to advance 'innovation-driven development.' This Element seeks to provide avenues for comparing China with other late developers.
Medicine and Healing in Ancient East Asia

Medicine and Healing in Ancient East Asia
  • A View from Excavated Texts
  • Constance A. Cook
  • Published online:
    24 August 2023
    Print publication:
    28 September 2023
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  • This Element first discusses the creation of transmitted medical canons that are generally dated from early imperial times through the medieval era and then, by way of contrast, provides translations and analyses of non-transmitted texts from the pre-imperial late Shang and Zhou eras, the early imperial Qin and Han eras, and then a brief discussion covering the period through the 11th-c. CE. The Element focuses on the evolution of concepts, illness categories, and diagnostic and treatment methodologies evident in the newly discovered material and reveals a side of medical practice not reflected in the canons. It is both traditions of healing, the canons and the currents of local practice revealed by these texts, that influenced the development of East Asian medicine more broadly. The local practices show there was no real evolution from magical to non-magical medicine. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Shamanic Materialities in Nordic Climates

Shamanic Materialities in Nordic Climates
  • Trude Fonneland, Tiina Äikäs
  • Published online:
    23 August 2023
    Print publication:
    21 September 2023
  • This Element takes its starting point in shamanism in the Nordic countries and explores expressions and the lives of shamanic materialities in contemporary Finland and Norway. Shamans interact with spiritual powers and beings, but their religious practices unfold in a material reality. In this Element, then, we begin with the materiality of shamanism and focus on how the drum, the sacrificial site, the power animal, and a mushroom bridge the gap between the profane and the divine and create networks and dynamics in a shamanic worldview as well as in the wider society. Throughout its sections, the authors inquire into the ways the construction of the category shamanism makes shamanic materialities come to life. And, in contrast, how shamanic materialities form shamanism and facilitate constantly formative exchanges and dynamics between the local and global, past and present, secular and spiritual, time and space.
Boredom

Boredom
  • Elena Carrera
  • Published online:
    21 August 2023
    Print publication:
    14 September 2023
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  • This Element challenges prevailing views of boredom as a modern phenomenon and as an experience occurring inside our minds. It discusses the changing perspectives on boredom within psychology, psychiatry and psychoanalysis on both sides of the Atlantic in the last 100 years. It also analyzes visual and textual material from France, Germany, Britain, Argentina and Spain, which illustrates the kinds of social situations, people and interactions that have been considered tedious or boring in the past five centuries. Examining the multidirectional ways in which words like ennuyeux, 'tedious', langweilig, aburrido and 'boring' have been transferred between different cultural contexts (to denote a range of interrelated feelings that include displeasure, unease and annoyance), it demonstrates how the terms, concepts and categories through which individuals have experienced their states of mind are not simply culture-bound. They have also travelled across geographical and linguistic barriers, through translation, imitation and adaptation. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Theatre Revivals for the Anthropocene

Theatre Revivals for the Anthropocene
  • Patrick Lonergan
  • Published online:
    18 August 2023
    Print publication:
    14 September 2023
  • This Element argues that the climate emergency requires a new approach to the study of theatre history – a suggestion that is developed through an analysis of the practice of theatrical revival during the Anthropocene era. Staging old plays in new ways can make visible ecological or environmental features that might have previously gone unnoticed: features which, in some cases, might not have been consciously included by the original authors or makers of a work, but which will be detectable to audiences nevertheless. These links are explored through case studies from the contemporary Irish theatre – including revivals of plays by Shakespeare, Lady Gregory, and Samuel Beckett, as performed by such major Irish companies as Rough Magic, Druid Theatre, and Company SJ. The Element ultimately shows how theatre can contribute to debates about the Anthropocene, and offers new pathways for theatre practice and criticism.
Natural Kinds

Natural Kinds
  • Muhammad Ali Khalidi
  • Published online:
    16 August 2023
    Print publication:
    14 September 2023
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  • Scientists cannot devise theories, construct models, propose explanations, make predictions, or even carry out observations, without first classifying their subject matter. The goal of scientific taxonomy is to come up with classification schemes that conform to nature's own. Another way of putting this is that science aims to devise categories that correspond to 'natural kinds.' The interest in ascertaining the real kinds of things in nature is as old as philosophy itself, but it takes on a different guise when one adopts a naturalist stance in philosophy, that is when one looks closely at scientific practice and takes it as a guide for identifying natural kinds and investigating their general features. This Element surveys existing philosophical accounts of natural kinds, defends a naturalist alternative, and applies it to case studies in a diverse set of sciences. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
A Safety Valve Model of Equity as Anti-opportunism

A Safety Valve Model of Equity as Anti-opportunism
  • Kenneth Ayotte, Ezra Friedman, Henry E. Smith
  • Published online:
    14 August 2023
    Print publication:
    07 September 2023
  • Equity can be defined as the use of a more flexible, morally judgmental, and subjective mode of legal decision making that roughly corresponds with historical equity. This Element presents a simple contracting model that captures the role of equity as a safety valve, and shows how it can solve problems posed by opportunists–agents with unusual willingness and ability to take advantage of necessary imperfections in the law. In this model, a simple but imperfect formal legal regime is able to achieve first best in the absence of opportunists. But when opportunists are added, a more flexible regime (equity), can be preferred. However, equity is also vulnerable to being used opportunistically by the parties it intends to protect. Hence, the Element shows that it is often preferable to limit equity, reserving it for use only against those who appear sufficiently likely to be opportunists.
Virtual Trade in a Changing World

Virtual Trade in a Changing World
  • Comparative Advantage, Growth and Inequality
  • Sugata Marjit, Gouranga G. Das, Biswajit Mandal
  • Published online:
    14 August 2023
    Print publication:
    28 September 2023
  • Virtual economic transactions have radically transformed the way we think about trade and markets in closed and open economies. Continuous decline in costs of information and communications and setting up of phenomenally large number of virtual platforms have brought in 'Time' as an essential element in the discourse on international trade. This work delves deep into the issue of how Time enters as a major catalyst of international trade and virtual transactions. This changes the way we look at ideas of comparative advantage, factor mobility, growth, income distribution, and allied concepts. A key result is that greater physical distance might encourage trade contrary to what we are accustomed to accept.
Creative Sign Language

Creative Sign Language
  • Rachel Sutton-Spence, Fernanda de Araújo Machado
  • Published online:
    12 August 2023
    Print publication:
    24 August 2023
  • This Element describes creative sign language in deaf literature. To showcase the exciting developments in Latin American deaf literature, the authors focus upon creative Libras as it is used by the Brazilian deaf community, while emphasising aspects of Libras literature that can be seen in similar productions and performances in sign language literatures around the world. Throughout the Element, the authors refer to examples of Libras poems and stories to give readers a practical experience of appreciating works of creative sign language. They describe Libras literature within its historical and social contexts and consider questions of performance, filming and editing and the potential for written Libras literature. Drawing on anthologies of Libras poems, jokes and stories, they use close-reading techniques to show how the literary effects are created, while reminding the reader that sign language literature cannot be separated from the deaf community.
Mental Content

Mental Content
  • Peter Schulte
  • Published online:
    12 August 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • This Element provides a comprehensive introduction to contemporary theories of mental content. After clarifying central concepts and identifying the questions that dominate the current debate, it presents and discusses the principal accounts of the nature of mental content (or mental representation), which include causal, informational, teleological and structuralist approaches, alongside the phenomenal intentionality approach and the intentional stance theory. Additionally, it examines anti-representationalist accounts which question either the existence or the explanatory relevance of mental content. Finally, the Element concludes by considering some recent developments in the debate about mental content, specifically the “explanatory turn” and its implications for questions about representations in basic cognitive systems and the representational character of current empirical theories of cognition.
Enhancing Educators' Theoretical and Practical Understandings of Critical Literacy

Enhancing Educators' Theoretical and Practical Understandings of Critical Literacy
  • Vera Sotirovska, Margaret Vaughn
  • Published online:
    12 August 2023
    Print publication:
    07 September 2023
  • This Element explores ways to promote critical literacy in teacher education. First, the authors define critical literacy in the context of teacher education through established theoretical frameworks and models of critical literacy pedagogy and share their collective findings on critical literacy research over the course of a decade. Building from these theoretical understandings of critical literacy, they outline ways to actualize critical literacy in teacher education as a transformative pedagogy coupled with resources and activities that support equitable teaching practices. Next, they illustrate how adaptive teaching supports critical literacy pedagogy and underscore autoethnography as a reflective tool to engage pre-service teachers in critical literacy practice. They model this approach with mentor text analyses using critical literacy as a lens to facilitate critically-oriented mindsets in teachers through visioning. They conclude with implications for classroom practice at the intersections of critical literacy and teacher preparation and provide directions for future research.
Comparing Capitalisms for an Unknown Future

Comparing Capitalisms for an Unknown Future
  • Societal Processes and Transformative Capacity
  • Gordon Redding
  • Published online:
    11 August 2023
    Print publication:
    07 September 2023
  • Systems of capitalism are conceived as formed under certain broad logics that apply to all, but which then interpret those logics in distinct ways society by society, seen as the society's own processes. Such processes cluster into three categories: an inspiring context; a transformative capacity; and empowered action. The political role is that of balancing the influences across the total. Each inspirational influence adds a key contribution, as with benevolent empowering authority, and critical thinking. Transformative capacity is built by: innovativeness and cooperativeness; and stable decentralized authority flows from communicative action, spontaneous emergent ordering; and competitive productivity. Societal progress may be explained in terms of the integrated workings of these processes to yield an ethically legitimate structure for the prosperity-driven creating and distributing of wealth. Two main stereotypes are examined to compare their workings and their outcomes: the Western free market democratic, and the Chinese party-state driven.
Space as Language

Space as Language
  • The Properties of Typographic Space
  • Will Hill
  • Published online:
    10 August 2023
    Print publication:
    24 August 2023
  • This Element examines the function and significance of typographic space. It considers in turn the space within letters, the space between letters, the space between lines, and the margin space surrounding the text-block, to develop the hypothesis that viewed collectively these constitute a 'metalanguage' complementary to the text. Drawing upon critical perspectives from printing, typeface design, typography, avant-garde artistic practice and design history, the Element examines the connotative values and philosophies embodied in the form and disposition of space. These include the values attributed to symmetry and asymmetry, the role of 'active' space in the development of modernist typography, the debated relationship between type and writing, the divergent ideologies of the printing industry and the letter arts, and the impact of successive technologies upon both the organisation and the perception of typographic space.
Explaining Technology

Explaining Technology
  • Roger Koppl, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Abigail Devereaux, Brian D. Fath, James Herriot, Wim Hordijk, Stuart Kauffman, Robert E. Ulanowicz, Sergi Valverde
  • Published online:
    09 August 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • A long tradition explains technological change as recombination. Within this tradition, this Element develops an innovative combinatorial model of technological change and tests it with 2,000 years of global GDP data and with data from US patents filed between 1835 and 2010. The model explains 1) the pace of technological change for a least the past two millennia, 2) patent citations and 3) the increasing complexity of tools over time. It shows that combining and modifying pre-existing goods to produce new goods generates the observed historical pattern of technological change. A long period of stasis was followed by sudden super-exponential growth in the number of goods. In this model, the sudden explosion of about 250 years ago is a combinatorial explosion that was a long time in coming, but inevitable once the process began at least two thousand years ago. This Element models the Industrial Revolution as a combinatorial explosion.
Urban Spectacle in Republican Milan

Urban Spectacle in Republican Milan
  • Pubbliche feste at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
  • Alessandra Palidda
  • Published online:
    09 August 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • At the turn of the nineteenth century, Lombardy and its capital Milan lived through a season of intense social and political change, especially in the passage between Austrian Monarchy and Napoleonic republics (1796-1799, and 1800-1802). While affecting cultural production on all levels, this passage occasioned a significant change in terms of public celebration, with republican festivals and other celebratory occasions coming from revolutionary France being reframed amongst Milanese specificities. After establishing a solid historical and aesthetic background to Lombardy in this delicate period, to the revolutionary models and to the Milanese substrate, this Element aims at reconstructing and describing the main features of the French republican festivals in Milan, and their impact on the city's landscape, soundscape and self-representation. It will also conclude by offering some reflections on these events' consequences on the following century's patriotism/nationalism and cultural production, reinstating them as an interesting, albeit forgotten case study.
The Political Economy of Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and the War on Terror

The Political Economy of Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and the War on Terror
  • Anne R. Bradley, Christopher J. Coyne, Abigail R. Hall
  • Published online:
    09 August 2023
    Print publication:
    31 August 2023
  • This Element explores the topics of terrorism, counterterrorism, and the US government's war on terror following the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. It draw on insights from Austrian and public choice economics. First, the foundations of the economics of terrorism are discussed emphasizing that the behaviors of terrorists and counter-terrorists are purposeful and goal-oriented. Then, the economics of counterterrorism policies and the importance of institutional change is considered. Next, the three dilemmas facing liberal societies as it relates to counterterrorism efforts is focused on. The Element then provides an assessment of the US government's war on terror. It discusses the origins of the war, discuss whether it can be judged a success or failure, and consider some of the main effects both abroad and within the United States. The final chapter concludes with a discussion of several areas for future research.

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