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2156 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 83 of 108

The Taphonomy of Echinoids

The Taphonomy of Echinoids
  • Skeletal Morphologies, Environmental Factors, and Preservation Pathways
  • James H. Nebelsick, Andrea Mancosu
  • Published online:
    21 September 2021
    Print publication:
    21 October 2021
  • The study of echinoid evolution, diversity, and ecology has always suffered from the fact that they are represented by taxa showing widely differing architectural designs of their multi-plated skeletons, inhabiting a large range of marine paleoenvironments, which result in highly varying taphonomic biases dictating their presence and recognition. This Element addresses the taphonomy of echinoids and includes: a general introduction to the morphological features of echinoids that play a role in their preservation; a review of processes which play an important role in the differential preservation of both regular and irregular echinoids including predation and transport; a summary of taphonomic pathways included in actualistic studies for recent sea urchins and then reconstructed for fossil taxa; and finally, a case study of the variation of echinoid taphonomy across a shelf gradient using the rich Miocene echinoid fauna of Sardinia.
Measurement Burst Designs to Improve Precision in Peer Research

Measurement Burst Designs to Improve Precision in Peer Research
  • Ryan J. Persram, Bianca Panarello, Melisa Castellanos, Lisa Astrologo, William M. Bukowski
  • Published online:
    20 September 2021
    Print publication:
    14 October 2021
  • Measurement burst designs, in which assessments of a set of constructs are made at two or more times in quick succession (e.g., within days), can be used as a novel method to improve the stability of basic measures typically used in longitudinal peer research. In this Element, we hypothesized that the stabilities for adolescent-reported peer acceptance, anxiety, and self-concept would be stronger when using the measurement burst approach versus the single time observation. Participants included youth between 10 and 13 years old who completed (a) sociometric assessments of acceptance, and measures of (b) social and test anxiety, and (c) self-concept across three times with two assessments made at each burst. Findings broadly showed that the stabilities were significantly stronger with the measurement burst when compared to the single time assessment, supporting our main hypothesis. We discuss the utility of the measurement burst in a broader context and considerations for researchers.
The Dynamics of Public Opinion

The Dynamics of Public Opinion
  • Mary Layton Atkinson, K. Elizabeth Coggins, James A. Stimson, Frank R. Baumgartner
  • Published online:
    20 September 2021
    Print publication:
    11 November 2021
  • A central question in political representation is whether government responds to the people. To understand that, we need to know what the government is doing, and what the people think of it. We seek to understand a key question necessary to answer those bigger questions: How does American public opinion move over time? We posit three patterns of change over time in public opinion, depending on the type of issue. Issues on which the two parties regularly disagree provide clear partisan cues to the public. For these party-cue issues we present a slight variation on the thermostatic theory from (Soroka and Wlezien (2010); Wlezien (1995)); our “implied thermostatic model.” A smaller number of issues divide the public along lines unrelated to partisanship, and so partisan control of government provides no relevant clue. Finally, we note a small but important class of issues which capture response to cultural shifts.
The Partisan Next Door

The Partisan Next Door
  • Stereotypes of Party Supporters and Consequences for Polarization in America
  • Ethan C. Busby, Adam J. Howat, Jacob E. Rothschild, Richard M. Shafranek
  • Published online:
    16 September 2021
    Print publication:
    07 October 2021
  • In the United States, politics has become tribal and personalized. The influence of partisan divisions has extended beyond the political realm into everyday life, affecting relationships and workplaces as well as the ballot box. To help explain this trend, we examine the stereotypes Americans have of ordinary Democrats and Republicans. Using data from surveys, experiments, and Americans' own words, we explore the content of partisan stereotypes and find that they come in three main flavors—parties as their own tribes, coalitions of other tribes, or vehicles for political issues. These different stereotypes influence partisan conflict: people who hold trait-based stereotypes tend to display the highest levels of polarization, while holding issue-based stereotypes decreases polarization. This finding suggests that reducing partisan conflict does not require downplaying partisan divisions but shifting the focus to political priorities rather than identity—a turn to what we call responsible partisanship.
The Axiology of Theism

The Axiology of Theism
  • Klaas J. Kraay
  • Published online:
    16 September 2021
    Print publication:
    14 October 2021
  • Theism is the view that God exists; naturalism is the view that there are no supernatural beings, processes, mechanisms, or forces. This Element explores whether things are better, worse, or neither on theism relative to naturalism. It introduces readers to the central philosophical issues that bear on this question, and it distinguishes a wide range of ways it can be answered. It critically examines four views, three of which hold (in various ways) that things are better on theism than on naturalism, and one of which holds just the opposite.
Emotions and Temporalities

Emotions and Temporalities
  • Margrit Pernau
  • Published online:
    15 September 2021
    Print publication:
    14 October 2021
  • This Element brings together the history of emotions and temporalities, offering a new perspective on both. Time was often imagined as a movement from the past to the future: the past is gone and the future not yet here. Only present-day subjects could establish relations to other times, recovering history as well as imagining and anticipating the future. In a movement paralleling the emphasis on the porous self, constituted by emotions situated not inside but between subjects, this Element argues for a porous present, which is open to the intervention of ghosts coming from the past and from the future. What needs investigating is the flow between times as much as the creation of boundaries between them, which first banishes the ghosts and then denies their existence. Emotions are the most important way through which subjects situate and understand themselves in time.
Retrofitting Collaboration into the New Public Management

Retrofitting Collaboration into the New Public Management
  • Evidence from New Zealand
  • Elizabeth Eppel, Rosemary O'Leary
  • Published online:
    14 September 2021
    Print publication:
    07 October 2021
  • This Element is about the challenges of working collaboratively in and with governments in countries with a strong New Public Management (NPM) influence. As the evidence from New Zealand analyzed in this study demonstrates, collaboration – working across organization boundaries and with the public – was not inherently a part of the NPM and was often discouraged or ignored. When the need for collaborative public management approaches became obvious, efforts centered around “retrofitting” collaboration into the NPM, with mixed results. This Element analyzes the impediments and catalysts to collaboration in strong NPM governments and concludes that significant modification of the standard NPM operational model is needed including: Alternative institutions for funding, design, delivery, monitoring and accountability; New performance indicators; Incentives and rewards for collaboration; Training public servants in collaboration; Collaboration champions, guardians, complexity translators, and stewards; and paradoxically, NPM governance processes designed to make collaborative decisions stick.
Hybrid Systems-in-Foil

Hybrid Systems-in-Foil
  • Mourad Elsobky, Joachim N. Burghartz
  • Published online:
    14 September 2021
    Print publication:
    14 October 2021
  • Hybrid Systems-in-Foil (HySiF) is a concept that extends the potential of conventional More-than-More Systems-in/on-Package (SiPs and SoPs) to the flexible electronics world. In HySiF, an economical implementation of flexible electronic systems is possible by integrating a minimum number of embedded silicon chips and a maximum number of on-foil components. Here, the complementary characteristics of CMOS SoCs and larger area organic and printed electronics are combined in a HySiF-compatible polymeric substrate. Within the HySiF scope, the fabrication process steps and the integration design rules with all the accompanying boundary conditions concerning material compatibility, surface properties, and thermal budget, are defined. This Element serves as an introduction to the HySiF concept. A summary of recent ultra-thin chip fabrication and flexible packaging techniques is provided. Several bendable electronic components are presented demonstrating the benefits of HySiF. Finally, prototypes of flexible wireless sensor systems that adopt the HySiF concept are demonstrated.
The Power of Polls?

The Power of Polls?
  • A Cross-National Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Campaign Polls
  • Jason Roy, Shane P. Singh, Patrick Fournier
  • Published online:
    14 September 2021
    Print publication:
    07 October 2021
  • Public opinion polls have become increasingly prominent during elections, but how they affect voting behaviour remains uncertain. In this work, we estimate the effects of poll exposure using an experimental design in which we randomly assign the availability of polls to participants in simulated election campaigns. We draw upon results from ten independent experiments conducted across six countries on four continents (Argentina, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States) to examine how polls affect the amount of information individuals seek and the votes that they cast. We further assess how poll effects differ according to individual-level factors, such as partisanship and political sophistication, and the content included in polls and how it is presented. Our work provides a comprehensive assessment of the power of polls and the implications for poll reporting in contemporary elections.
Leadership Standpoints

Leadership Standpoints
  • A Practical Framework for the Next Generation of Nonprofit Leaders
  • Don Waisanen
  • Published online:
    14 September 2021
    Print publication:
    07 October 2021
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  • This project offers a new leadership framework for the next generation of nonprofit professionals. Based on five years of data collected from the New York Community Trust Leadership Fellowship - designed to address leadership development gaps in the nonprofit sector - it constructs three dimensions and eleven themes for the theory and practice of leadership standpoints. Leadership standpoints are a framework for practicing inclusion, building spaces for performance, and thinking and acting with range. Those using leadership standpoints continuously interact with diverse stakeholders, constantly verify others' views and interests, and remain keenly attentive to power distributions, material constraints, and hidden or unacknowledged voices that need surfaced, while expanding their personal and social outlooks to elevate performance and meet pressing demands best addressed through broadly informed decisions. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The Search for the Virtuous Corporation

The Search for the Virtuous Corporation
  • A Wicked Problem or New Direction for Organization Theory?
  • Justin O'Brien
  • Published online:
    13 September 2021
    Print publication:
    25 November 2021
  • The corporation is the most complex, adaptive, and resilient model of organizing economic activity in history. In an era of globalization, the transnational corporation has significant power over society. While its rights are specified through private ordering, and choice of jurisdictional home, in the event of conflict of laws, the corporation's duties and responsibilities remain contested. Notwithstanding the argument in institutional economics that all transactions take place within governance and legal frameworks, underpinned by a 'non-calculative social contract,' the terms are notoriously difficult to define or enforce. They are made more so if regulatory dynamics preclude litigation to a judicial conclusion. This Element situates the corporation – its culture, governance, responsibility, and accountability – within a broader discourse of duty. In doing so, it addresses the problem of the corporation for society and the corporation's problem in aligning its governance to changing community expectations of obligation.
Mach Wave and Acoustical Wave Structure in Nonequilibrium Gas-Particle Flows

Mach Wave and Acoustical Wave Structure in Nonequilibrium Gas-Particle Flows
  • Joseph T. C. Liu
  • Published online:
    08 September 2021
    Print publication:
    07 October 2021
  • In this Element, the gas-particle flow problem is formulated with momentum and thermal slip that introduces two relaxation times. Starting from acoustical propagation in a medium in equilibrium, the relaxation-wave equation in airfoil coordinates is derived though a Galilean transformation for uniform flow. Steady planar small perturbation supersonic flow is studied in detail according to Whitham's higher-order waves. The signals owing to wall boundary conditions are damped along the frozen-Mach wave, and are both damped and diffusive along an effective-intermediate Mach wave and diffusive along the equilibrium Mach wave where the bulk of the disturbance propagates. The surface pressure coefficient is obtained exactly for small-disturbance theory, but it is considerably simplified for the small particle-to-gas mass loading approximation, equivalent to a simple-wave approximation. Other relaxation-wave problems are discussed. Martian dust-storm properties in terms of gas-particle flow parameters are estimated.
The Hippodrome of Constantinople

The Hippodrome of Constantinople
  • Engin Akyürek
  • Published online:
    06 September 2021
    Print publication:
    07 October 2021
  • The Hippodrome of Constantinople was constructed in the fourth century AD, by the Roman Emperor Constantine I, in his new capital. Throughout Byzantine history the Hippodrome served as a ceremonial, sportive and recreational center of the city; in the early period, it was used mainly as an arena for very popular, competitive, and occasionally violent chariot races, while the Middle Ages witnessed the imperial ceremonies coming to the fore gradually, although the races continued. The ceremonial and recreational role of the Hippodrome somehow continued during the Ottoman period. Being the oldest structure in the city, the Hippodrome has witnessed exciting chariot races, ceremonies glorifying victorious emperors as well as the charioteers, and the riots that shook the imperial authority. Today, looking to the remnants of the Hippodrome, one can imagine the glorious past of the site.
Interaction

Interaction
  • Jennifer Behney, Susan Gass
  • Published online:
    06 September 2021
    Print publication:
    23 September 2021
  • This Element in the Cambridge Elements in Second Language Acquisition series examines the role of interaction in Second Language Acquisition research, with a focus on the cognitive interactionist approach. The Element describes the major branches of the field, considering the importance of conversational interaction in both the cognitive interactionist framework as well as in sociocultural approaches to second language learning. The authors discuss the key concepts of the framework, including input, negotiation for meaning, corrective feedback, and output. The key readings in the field and the emphases of current and future research are explained. Finally, the authors describe the pedagogical implications that the cognitive interactionist approach has had on the teaching of second languages.
Entrepreneurial Identity in US Book Publishing in the Twenty-First Century

Entrepreneurial Identity in US Book Publishing in the Twenty-First Century
  • Rachel Noorda
  • Published online:
    06 September 2021
    Print publication:
    23 September 2021
  • Entrepreneurship underpins many roles within the publishing industry, from freelancing to bookselling. Entrepreneurs are shaped by the contexts in which their entrepreneurship is situated (social, political, economic, and national). Additionally, entrepreneurship is integral to occupational identity for book publishing entrepreneurs. This Element examines entrepreneurship through the lens of identity and narrative based on interview data with book publishing entrepreneurs in the US Book publishing entrepreneurship narratives of independence, culture over commerce, accidental profession, place, risk, (in)stability, busyness, and freedom are examined in this Element.
Judaism and Violence

Judaism and Violence
  • A Historical Analysis with Insights from Social Psychology
  • Robert Eisen
  • Published online:
    02 September 2021
    Print publication:
    07 October 2021
  • This Element explores the potential in Judaism to incite Jews to engage in violence against non-Jews. The analysis proceeds in historical fashion, with sections devoted to the Hebrew Bible, rabbinic Judaism, medieval and early modern Judaism, and modern Zionism. The last topic is given special attention because of its relevance to the current Middle East conflict. This Element also draws on insights from social psychology to explain Jewish violence - particularly Social Identity Theory.
Why Bad Policies Spread (and Good Ones Don't)

Why Bad Policies Spread (and Good Ones Don't)
  • Charles R. Shipan, Craig Volden
  • Published online:
    02 September 2021
    Print publication:
    23 September 2021
  • Building on a deep theoretical foundation and drawing on numerous examples, we examine how policies spread across the American states. We argue that for good policies to spread while bad policies are pushed aside, states must learn from one another. The three ingredients for this positive outcome are observable experiments, time to learn, and favorable incentives and expertise among policymakers. Although these ingredients are sometimes plentiful, we also note causes for concern, such as when policies are complex or incompatible with current practices, when policymakers give in to underlying political biases, or when political institutions lack the capacity for cultivating expertise. Under such conditions, states may rely on competition, imitation, and coercion, rather than learning, which can allow bad policies, rather than good ones, to spread. We conclude with lessons for reformers and policymakers and an assessment of our overall argument based on state responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.
How We Got to Where We're Going

How We Got to Where We're Going
  • Annapurna H. Poduri, Alfred L. George Jr, Erin L. Heinzen, Daniel Lowenstein, Sara James
  • Published online:
    31 August 2021
    Print publication:
    30 September 2021
  • This Element serves as a welcome to the Cambridge Elements Genetics in Epilepsy series. The series editors look forward to sharing with you the story of epilepsy genetics through a series of Elements. They will bring together many voices, by text as well as video, to illustrate the history of epilepsy genetics, the many on-going efforts in the field, and how they hope to address the still unanswered questions that command the attention of all of us and our colleagues across the globe.
Ethnographic Returns

Ethnographic Returns
  • Memory Processes and Archive Film
  • Anne Gustavsson
  • Published online:
    26 August 2021
    Print publication:
    16 September 2021
  • In the past decades cultural heritage stored at museums and archives has been returned to source communities in various forms and under diverse circumstances. This contribution to the Elements series explores and discusses specifically the return of digital 'ethnographic' images to indigenous and non indigenous people that share a common recent history of coexistence and dispute over the same territory that is to be understood in the light of the consolidation of a Nation State with a settler colonial logic. The author argues that the affective reception of what a given archive labels as tangible and intangible heritage varies according to each audience´s particular memory practices, historical experience and way of relating to shared hegemonic notions of 'whiteness' and 'indigeneity'.
Conducting Sentiment Analysis

Conducting Sentiment Analysis
  • Lei Lei, Dilin Liu
  • Published online:
    25 August 2021
    Print publication:
    23 September 2021
  • This Element provides a basic introduction to sentiment analysis, aimed at helping students and professionals in corpus linguistics to understand what sentiment analysis is, how it is conducted, and where it can be applied. It begins with a definition of sentiment analysis and a discussion of the domains where sentiment analysis is conducted and used the most. Then, it introduces two main methods that are commonly used in sentiment analysis known as supervised machine-learning and unsupervised learning (or lexicon-based) methods, followed by a step-by-step explanation of how to perform sentiment analysis with R. The Element then provides two detailed examples or cases of sentiment and emotion analysis, with one using an unsupervised method and the other using a supervised learning method.

Page 83 of 108