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2538 results in Cambridge Elements

Page 80 of 127

Completing a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union

Completing a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union
  • Iain Begg
  • Published online:
    26 January 2023
    Print publication:
    23 February 2023
  • This Element examines efforts to strengthen Economic and Monetary Union in the European Union, especially over the last decade, asking if enough has been done to render it more sustainable and resilient. Drawing on a survey of 111 leading experts on the economics and politics of EMU, this Element reviews the wide-ranging reforms undertaken since the crises of the early 2010s and assesses whether they go far enough. Although it concludes that much has been done to push the euro towards being a more complete currency, it identifies remaining flaws and challenges which EU leaders need to resolve.
The Many Faces of Creativity

The Many Faces of Creativity
  • Exploring Synaesthesia through a Metaphorical Lens
  • Sarah Turner, Jeannette Littlemore
  • Published online:
    25 January 2023
    Print publication:
    09 February 2023
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  • Creative metaphor has been of central interest to the cognitive linguistic research community in recent years. However, little is known about what propels people to use metaphor in a creative way. In this Element, the authors identify and explore some of the clues that synaesthesia may provide to help us better understand the factors that drive creativity, with a particular focus on creative metaphor. They identify the factors that seem to trigger the production of creative metaphor in synaesthetes, and explore what this can tell us about creativity in the population more generally. Their findings provide insights into the nature of creativity as it relates to metaphor, emotion and embodied experience. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Prophets at a Tangent

Prophets at a Tangent
  • How Art Shapes Social Imagination
  • Geoff Mulgan
  • Published online:
    25 January 2023
    Print publication:
    02 March 2023
  • This Element asks if the arts can help us imagine a better future society and economy, without deep social gulfs or ecological harm. It argues that at their best, the arts open up new ways of seeing and thinking. They can warn and prompt and connect us to a bigger sense of what we could be. But artists have lost their role as gods and prophets, partly as an effect of digital technologies and the ubiquity of artistic production, and partly as an effect of shifting values. Few recent books, films, artworks or exhibitions have helped us imagine how our world could solve its problems or how it might be better a generation or more from now. This Element argues that artists work best not as prophets of a new society but rather as 'prophets at a tangent'.
Gothic Voices

Gothic Voices
  • The Vococentric Soundworld of Gothic Writing
  • Matt Foley
  • Published online:
    20 January 2023
    Print publication:
    09 February 2023
  • This Element provides new ways of reading the soundscape of the Gothic text. Drawing inspiration from the field of 'sonic Gothic' studies, which has been spearheaded by the writings of Isabella van Elferen, as well as from Mladen Dolar's articulation of the psychoanalytic 'object' voice, this study introduces the critical category of 'vococentric Gothic' into Gothic scholarship. In so doing, it reads important moments in Gothic fiction when the voice takes precedence as an uncanny, monstrous or seductive object. Historically informed, the range of readings proffered demonstrate the persistence of these vocal motifs across time (from the Gothic romance to contemporary Gothic) and across intermedia forms (from literature to film to podcasts). Gothic Voices, then, provides the first dedicated account of voices of terror and horror as they develop in the Gothic mode from the Romantic period until today.
Teaching Young Multilingual Learners

Teaching Young Multilingual Learners
  • Key Issues and New Insights
  • Luciana C. de Oliveira, Loren Jones
  • Published online:
    20 January 2023
    Print publication:
    02 February 2023
  • This Element provides an overview of research focusing on language teaching practices for young multilingual learners in primary classrooms in English-speaking contexts. The term 'young multilingual learner' refers to primary school children, with ages ranging from approximately 5 to 12 years old at various English language proficiency levels. Pedagogy-informed research studies conducted in K-5 classrooms are used to develop research-informed pedagogies for young multilingual learners in primary classrooms. The authors use the notion of culturally sustaining teaching practices to provide examples from pedagogy-informed research studies. The focus on early (K-3) and intermediate (4-5) grades provides a range of illustrations of such practices. The Element concludes with implications for teacher education and the preparation of teachers of young multilingual learners.
Truthmaking

Truthmaking
  • Jamin Asay
  • Published online:
    20 January 2023
    Print publication:
    02 February 2023
  • Truthmaking is the metaphysical exploration of the idea that what is true depends upon what exists. Truthmaker theorists argue about what the truthmaking relation involves, which truths require truthmakers, and what those truthmakers are. This Element covers the dominant views on these core issues in truthmaking. It also explores some key metaphysical topics and debates that are usefully approached by employing the tools of truthmaker theory: the debate between presentists and eternalists over the existence of entities from the past, and the debate between actualists and possibilists over merely possible states of affairs. In the final section, the Element explores how to think about truthmakers for truths involving social constructions.
Anti-Racist Shakespeare

Anti-Racist Shakespeare
  • Ambereen Dadabhoy, Nedda Mehdizadeh
  • Published online:
    19 January 2023
    Print publication:
    09 February 2023
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  • Anti-Racist Shakespeare argues that Shakespeare is a productive site to cultivate an anti-racist pedagogy. Our study outlines the necessary theoretical foundations for educators to develop a critical understanding of the longue durée of racial formation so that they can implement anti-racist pedagogical strategies and interventions in their classrooms. This Element advances teaching Shakespeare through race and anti-racism in order to expose students to the unequal structures of power and domination that are systemically reproduced within society, culture, academic disciplines, and classrooms. We contend that this approach to teaching Shakespeare and race empowers students not only to see these paradigms but also to take action by challenging and overturning them. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Generalized Normalizing Flows via Markov Chains

Generalized Normalizing Flows via Markov Chains
  • Paul Lyonel Hagemann, Johannes Hertrich, Gabriele Steidl
  • Published online:
    19 January 2023
    Print publication:
    02 February 2023
  • Normalizing flows, diffusion normalizing flows and variational autoencoders are powerful generative models. This Element provides a unified framework to handle these approaches via Markov chains. The authors consider stochastic normalizing flows as a pair of Markov chains fulfilling some properties, and show how many state-of-the-art models for data generation fit into this framework. Indeed numerical simulations show that including stochastic layers improves the expressivity of the network and allows for generating multimodal distributions from unimodal ones. The Markov chains point of view enables the coupling of both deterministic layers as invertible neural networks and stochastic layers as Metropolis-Hasting layers, Langevin layers, variational autoencoders and diffusion normalizing flows in a mathematically sound way. The authors' framework establishes a useful mathematical tool to combine the various approaches.
Theory, History, and the Study of Religion in Late Antiquity

Theory, History, and the Study of Religion in Late Antiquity
  • Speculative Worlds
  • Maia Kotrosits
  • Published online:
    19 January 2023
    Print publication:
    09 February 2023
  • Theory is not a set of texts, it is a style of approach. It is to engage in the act of speculation: gestures of abstraction that re-imagine and dramatize the crises of living. This Element is a both a primer for understanding some of the more predominant strands of critical theory in the study of religion in late antiquity, and a history of speculative leaps in the field. It is a history of dilemmas that the field has tried to work out again and again - questions about subjectivity, the body, agency, violence, and power. This Element additionally presses us on the ethical stakes of our uses of theory, and asks how the field's interests in theory help us understand what's going on, half-spoken, in the disciplinary unconscious.
Verbal Irony Processing

Verbal Irony Processing
  • Stephen Skalicky
  • Published online:
    18 January 2023
    Print publication:
    02 February 2023
  • Ironic language is a salient reminder that speakers of all languages do not always mean what they say. While ironic language has captured the attention of theorists and scholars for centuries, it is only since the 1980s that psycholinguistic methods have been employed to investigate how readers and hearers detect, process, and comprehend ironic language. This Element reviews the foundational definitions, theories, and psycholinguistic models of ironic language, covering key questions such as the distinction between literal and ironic meaning, the role of contextual information during irony processing, and the cognitive mechanisms involved. These key questions continue to motivate new studies and methodological innovations, providing ample opportunity for future researchers who wish to continue exploring how ironic language is processed and understood.
Attending to Moving Objects

Attending to Moving Objects
  • Alex Holcombe
  • Published online:
    18 January 2023
    Print publication:
    09 February 2023
  • Our minds are severely limited in how much information they can extensively process, in spite of being massively parallel at the visual end. When people attempt to track moving objects, only a limited number can be tracked, which varies with display parameters. Associated experiments indicate that spatial selection and updating has higher capacity than selection and updating of features such as color and shape, and is mediated by processes specific to each cerebral hemisphere, such that each hemifield has its own spatial tracking limit. These spatial selection processes act as a bottleneck that gate subsequent processing. To improve our understanding of this bottleneck, future work should strive to avoid contamination of tracking tasks by high-level cognition. While we are far from fully understanding how attention keeps up with multiple moving objects, what we already know illuminates the architecture of visual processing and offers promising directions for new discoveries.
Wittgenstein on Religious Belief

Wittgenstein on Religious Belief
  • Genia Schönbaumsfeld
  • Published online:
    18 January 2023
    Print publication:
    02 February 2023
  • Wittgenstein published next to nothing on the philosophy of religion and yet his conception of religious belief has been both enormously influential and hotly contested. In the contemporary literature, Wittgenstein has variously been labelled a fideist, a non-cognitivist and a relativist of sorts. This Element shows that all of these readings are misguided and seriously at odds, not just with what Wittgenstein says about religious belief, but with his entire later philosophy. This Element also argues that Wittgenstein presents us with an important 'third way' of understanding religious belief – one that does not fall into the trap of either assimilating religious beliefs to ordinary empirical or scientific beliefs or seeking to reduce them to the expression of certain attitudes.
The Meaning of Democracy in Southeast Asia

The Meaning of Democracy in Southeast Asia
  • Liberalism, Egalitarianism and Participation
  • Diego Fossati, Ferran Martinez i Coma
  • Published online:
    16 January 2023
    Print publication:
    26 January 2023
  • This Element contributes to existing research with an analysis of public understandings of democracy based on original surveys fielded in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. It conceptualises democracy as consisting of liberal, egalitarian and participatory ideals, and investigates the structure of public understandings of democracy in the five countries. It then proceeds to identify important relationships between conceptions of democracy and other attitudes, such as satisfaction with democracy, support for democracy, trust in institutions, policy preferences and political behaviour. The findings suggest that a comprehensive analysis of understandings of democracy is essential to understand political attitudes and behaviours.
Evil and Theodicy

Evil and Theodicy
  • Laura W. Ekstrom
  • Published online:
    16 January 2023
    Print publication:
    02 February 2023
  • Suffering is ubiquitous. Quests to make sense of it in relation to the existence of God – and to find meaning in our lives in the face of it – are significant aspects of the human experience. Evil and Theodicy motivates the project of theodicy by examining arguments rooted in evil against God's existence and by critically assessing the response of skeptical theism. Ekstrom explores eight different lines of theodicy. She argues that, even if the prospects for theodicy are dim with respect to defending the rationality of theistic belief in light of suffering, nonetheless, work in theodicies is practically useful.
China in Global Health

China in Global Health
  • Past and Present
  • Mary Augusta Brazelton
  • Published online:
    14 January 2023
    Print publication:
    09 February 2023
  • Mary Brazelton argues that the territories and peoples associated with China have played vital roles in the emergence of modern international health. In the early twentieth century, repeated epidemic outbreaks in China justified interventions by transnational organizations; these projects shaped strategies for international health. China has also served as a space of creativity and reinvention, in which administrators developed new models of health care during decades of war and revolution, even as traditional practitioners presented alternatives to Western biomedicine. The 1949 establishment of the People's Republic of China introduced a new era of socialist internationalism, as well as new initiatives to establish connections across the non-aligned world using medical diplomacy. After 1978, the post-socialist transition gave rise to new configurations of health governance. The rich and varied history of Chinese involvement in global health offers a means to make sense of present-day crises.
Deontology

Deontology
  • Piers Rawling
  • Published online:
    14 January 2023
    Print publication:
    02 February 2023
  • Deontology is a theory about how we should act, morally speaking. It comes in several varieties, but all share certain doctrines, many of which are close to those found in the so-called 'common-sense morality' of the Western world. And all varieties are united in their opposition to consequentialism, a theory that, in its simplest form, tells us that we should always act so as to maximize impersonal value by bringing about the best consequences. This Element presents some of the different versions of deontology, including the views of W. D. Ross, and, to a lesser extent, Immanuel Kant. It defends certain deontological tenets, while challenging others, and contrasts them with consequentialism. Deontology and consequentialism are two of the main contenders in ethical theory, but virtue ethics is another, and it too is addressed (briefly), with an attempt to see it, in its most plausible form, as part of deontology.
The Emergence of Geoengineering

The Emergence of Geoengineering
  • How Knowledge Networks Form Governance Objects
  • Ina Möller
  • Published online:
    14 January 2023
    Print publication:
    09 February 2023
  • For many years, suggestions to 'geoengineer' the climate occupied a marginal role in climate change science and politics. Today, visions of massive carbon drawdown and sunlight reflection have become reasonable additions to conventional mitigation and adaptation. Why did researchers start engaging with ideas that were, for a long time, considered highly controversial? And how did some of these ideas come to be perceived worthy of research funding and in need of international governance? This Element provides an analysis of the recent history and evolution of geoengineering as a governance object. It explains how geoengineering evolved from a thought shared by a small network into a governance object that is likely to shape the future of climate politics. In the process, it generates a theory on the earliest phase of the policy cycle and sheds light on the question why we govern the things we govern in the first place.
Monotheism in Christian Liturgy

Monotheism in Christian Liturgy
  • Joris Geldhof
  • Published online:
    14 January 2023
    Print publication:
    09 February 2023
  • In line with a profound theological understanding of liturgy as the Church at prayer (ecclesia orans), the focus of this Element is the variegated ways in which Christians address, turn to, and worship God in their central rituals and celebrations. Surveying a representative sample of official liturgical sources from different Christian Churches, the question is asked how 'pure' the monotheism expressed in them is. For one could argue that there is some ambiguity involved, especially with respect to (i) the peculiar position of Christ, the Son of God, and God the Father in liturgical prayers, and (ii) regarding the veneration of the saints. The essential key to unlock this complex and multi-layered reality is a meticulous study of the essential doxological nature of Christian liturgy, both from a phenomenological point of view and on the basis of fine textual analyses.
The Pervasiveness of Ensemble Perception

The Pervasiveness of Ensemble Perception
  • Not Just Your Average Review
  • Jennifer E. Corbett, Igor Utochkin, Shaul Hochstein
  • Published online:
    13 January 2023
    Print publication:
    02 February 2023
  • This Element outlines the recent understanding of ensemble representations in perception in a holistic way aimed to engage the general audience, novel and expert alike. The Element highlights the ubiquitous nature of this summary process, paving the way for a discussion of the theoretical and cortical underpinnings, and why ensemble encoding should be considered a basic, inherently necessary component of human perception. Following an overview of the topic, including a brief history of the field, the Element introduces overarching themes and a corresponding outline of the present work.
Targeting Oncogenic Driver Mutations in Lung Cancer

Targeting Oncogenic Driver Mutations in Lung Cancer
  • Matthew Lee, Fawzi Abu Rous, Alain Borczuk, Stephen Liu, Shirish Gadgeel, Balazs Halmos
  • Published online:
    12 January 2023
    Print publication:
    02 February 2023
  • The recent advances in the field of molecular diagnostic techniques have led to the identification of targetable alterations prompting a paradigm shift in the management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and an era of precision oncology. This Element highlights the most clinically relevant oncogenic drivers other than EGFR, their management and current advancements in treatment. It also examines the different challenges in resistance to targeted therapies and diagnostic dilemmas for each oncogenic driver and the future direction of NSCLC management.

Page 80 of 127