In this article, I consider the planning, construction, and operation of Donaldson’s Hospital, an early purpose-built residential school for deaf (and hearing) children in Edinburgh. I propose that, from the initial concerted efforts to provide formal deaf education, space was at the centre of debates about what it meant to be a child who does not hear. I show that the architecture of deaf teaching was fiercely contested by educators, legislators, government organisations, financial donors - in other words by those who had the power to organise bodies in space. In doing so, I highlight the shifting cultural understandings of deafness in the second half of the nineteenth century and trace how these became spatial determinants of building designs and architectural discourse. As such, I argue that architecture was not merely a reactionary receptor of ideological currents but that individual buildings actively produced, expressed, and opposed cultural understandings of deafness at the time.

I study native-born white men’s internal migration in the United States over all possible 10- and 20-year periods between 1850 and 1940. Inter-county migration rates—after implementing a new method to correct for errors in linkage—were stable over time. Migrant selection on the basis of occupational status was neutral or slightly negative and also largely stable. But the orientation of internal migration changed over time, declining in distance and increasingly driving urbanization. In the 1930s, migration became less common and less urban oriented. These results provide a clearer understanding of historic U.S. internal migration than previously possible.

Candelariella ahtii Yakovchenko sp. nov. is described based on phenotypic and ITS nrDNA sequence data. The species, occurring on soil in the crevices and cracks of siliceous rocks, is characterized by its squamulose cushion-forming thallus of imbricate, rounded to weakly incised granules/squamules with a greenish yellow to pale yellow pulverulent upper surface, lecanorine apothecia with a plane to somewhat convex ochre-yellow disc and a permanent thick thalline margin, 8-spored asci and ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid ascospores with rounded ends, as well as a distribution in Central and North-East Asia. It is similar to Candelariella citrina but differs in having ascospores without attenuated ends and smaller squamules. Candelariella citrina is excluded from the lichen flora of Russia. A worldwide key to all known Candelariella species with 8-spored asci, including 41 names, is provided.

From 1992 until 2021, SITI Company held an annual summer workshop at Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. In 2012 and 2013, four artists documented their daily experiences at the workshop on social media to share with artists they had met at a Winter Training session in the city earlier that year. From these memories comes an archival script that offers insight into SITI’s pedagogical models and the variety of ways students experienced SITI training.

Two Indigenous long-distance walking performances, by the Mother Earth Water Walkers and by the Standing Rock Youth Runners, employ walking as a performance of Indigenous sovereignty, generating tribal knowledge, resistance, and cultural resurgence. What can these acts of long-distance walking tell us about the ways in which Indigenous people create, embody, and perform cultural sovereignty in North America?

The problem of relations between Church and state has existed from the very beginnings of Christianity and has evolved over centuries. The dominant model today is one of separation between the state and religious communities. In the context of the Roman Catholic Church, the Vatican City State remains the only exception to this principle. This article examines the tensions inherent in the way in which the Roman Pontiff, as head of the Vatican City State, exercises both religious and secular power, and how rule of law principles operate to constrain the operation of power as between the various organs of this state.

In this note we investigate the centraliser of a linearly growing element of $\mathrm{Out}(F_n)$ (that is, a root of a Dehn twist automorphism), and show that it has a finite index subgroup mapping onto a direct product of certain “equivariant McCool groups” with kernel a finitely generated free abelian group. In particular, this allows us to show it is VF and hence finitely presented.

Reinsurers may default when they have to pay large claims to insurers but are unable to fulfill their obligations due to various reasons such as catastrophic events, underwriting losses, inadequate capitalization, or financial mismanagement. This paper studies the problem of optimal reinsurance design from the perspectives of both the insurer and reinsurer when the insurer faces the potential default risk of the reinsurer. If the insurer aims to minimize the convex distortion risk measure of his retained loss, we prove the optimality of a stop-loss treaty when the promised ceded loss function is charged by the expected value premium principle and the reinsurer offers partial recovery in the event of default. For any fixed premium loading set by the reinsurer, we then derive the explicit expressions of optimal deductible levels for three special distortion functions, including the TVaR, Gini, and PH transform distortion functions. Under these three explicit distortion risk measures adopted by the insurer, we seek the optimal safety loading for the reinsurer by maximizing her net profit where the reserve capital is determined by the TVaR measure and the cost is governed by the expectation. This procedure ultimately leads to the Bowley solution between the insurer and the reinsurer. We provide several numerical examples to illustrate the theoretical findings. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate how different settings of default probability, recovery rate, and safety loading affect the optimal deductible values. Simulation studies are also implemented to analyze the effects induced by the default probability and recovery rate on the Bowley solution.