In this chapter, we introduce the concept of phases, a further development of the islands/subjacency/barriers line of investigation, but with many other consequences. We look at the notion of phase and the Phase Impenetrability Condition, in particular Chomsky’s original rigid definition of phases as CP, v*P and DP, which contrasts with Bošković’s contextual definition. We also look

at the consequence of the PIC that successive-cyclic movement has to pass through SpecvP and adduce a range of cross-linguistic evidence in support of this. We then turn to the question of the driver for successive-cyclic movement. The Labelling Algorithm (LA) can provide an elegant account of this. Finally, we see the evidence for a new set of islands and how the contextual definition of phases, the antilocality condition on movement and the PIC conspire to give a narrow window of movement-targets.

Here the focus is on covert cases of wh-movement, i.e. cases where the movement takes place in such a way that it cannot be directly observed in the output of PF, but only in terms of its effects on the semantic interpretation. The best-known example of this kind of wh-movement is found in Mandarin Chinese; accordingly we focus on that language. Next, we look at cases of covert movement in English: Quantifier Raising and wh-movement in multiple questions. Then we turn to the nature of the copies of movement, showing how copies can provide an account of reconstruction of binding-theory relations at the CI interface, as well as of partial movement and doubling at PF.

Digital technologies influence every facet of our lives – education, health, leisure activities, finances and jobs. You may have heard terms for digital technologies, such as information technology and information and communication technology (ICT). In this chapter, we use digital technology and ICT interchangeably. In the first section, titled ‘Digital technologies and you’, we explore pre-service teachers’ personal and educational experiences with digital technologies and investigate attitudes towards digital technologies in education. A historical overview of technology and associated challenges is presented. The second section, ‘Digital technology in education’, explores the current situation in early childhood, primary and secondary school contexts. It offers some insights into theoretical frameworks, curriculum implications, pedagogical implications and practical considerations for contemporary classrooms. The third section, ‘Using digital technologies in class’, provides numerous suggestions and practical information on how digital technologies can be used for teaching and learning in the classroom.

This chapter provides an end-to-end introduction to statistics; this highlights how statistics can be used to develop models from data, to quantify the uncertainty of such models, and to make decisions under uncertainty. The chapter also discusses how random variables are the key modeling paradigm that is used in statistics to characterize and quantify uncertainty and risk.

In this chapter we continue our investigation of hierarchical structure by focusing on the structure of TP and VP, concentrating on the latter. We first look at the structure of the clause. We then turn to the evidence that the subject is generated inside the VP (the VP-internal subject hypothesis, VISH) and raises to SpecT′ in English and many other languages. This leads to further discussion and examples of raising. Finally, we further elaborate the structure of VP, introducing VP-shells, structures where one VP is embedded in another.

In this chapter we continue our investigation of hierarchy by looking at head-movement, i.e. how heads of phrases may move and combine. In addition to seeing how this kind of movement works in technical terms, and what the empirical motivation for it is, we also introduce a major locality condition, the Head Movement Constraint. Then we return briefly to the topic of passives, and introduce raising. Finally, we make a first attempt at formulating a general notion of locality which unifies the Head Movement Constraint with a locality condition applying to both passives and raising.

This chapter provides a discussion on multivariate random variables, which are collections of univariate random variables. The chapter discusses how the presence of multiple random variables gives rise to concepts of covariance and correlation, which capture relationships that can arise between variables. The chapter also discussed the multivariate Gaussian model, which is widely used in applications.

This chapter discusses how to apply principles of statistics, optimization, and linear algebra in advanced techniques of data science and machine learning. The chapter shows how to use principal component analysis and singular value decomposition for analyzing complex datasets and discusses advanced estimation techniques such as logistic regression, Gaussian process models, and neural networks.

Companies come into existence through registration. As discussed in Chapter 4, for a company to be registered it must have a constitution and/or have adopted all or some of the replaceable rules set out in the Corporations Act. The constitution and/or replaceable rules establish the internal rules that govern how the company operates. This chapter discusses the importance of these rules, whom they bind, and how they can be amended. It also discusses the rules that apply when there is a variation of the rights attaching to shares.

In this chapter we observe that syntax is mostly silent; given the overall organisation of the grammar, there are good reasons to expect this to be the case. Furthermore, among the silent elements there are, in addition to copies, empty pronouns and covert movement, various kinds of ellipsis. VP or predicate-ellipsis is quite rich in English, while NP-ellipsis is meagre. Ellipsis displays a number of departures from absolute identity of the antecedent and elided constituent, notably but not only sloppy readings and voice mismatches. We also look at the distinction between deep and surface anaphora and, following on from this, evidence that radical prodrop in East Asian languages appears to involve NP- or argument-ellipsis.

In the ‘betweens’ of art, research and teaching, this chapter adopts an a/r/tographic approach to explore children’s learning through media art within the Anthropocene, a proposed epoch that acknowledges human impact on Earth’s geology and ecosystems. This learning is thought of as ‘connected learning’, a type of learning that emphasises the integration of educational experiences across various settings, leveraging new media to foster innovative approaches to knowledge creation. The idea of connected learning aligns with the linked concept of children’s lifeworlds – which Arnott and Yelland take to encompass the everyday interactions that children negotiate in daily life as well as the less visible social, technical and material forces that shape those experiences – and the significance of Land as a participant in children’s learning. Children co-labour (or collaborate) with words, materials, technologies and Land to make meaning with their lifeworlds (e.g. semiosis as a process of wording and worlding). They do this in situated practice and through speculation (e.g. by asking “What if...?) to examine possible futures and alternative realities.

This chapter is the first of two chapters that examine what can happen when a company cannot pay its debts. It discusses the types of action that can be taken other than winding a company up, focusing upon receivership, schemes of arrangement, small business restructuring and voluntary administration. The chapter commences with a discussion on insolvency, and how it may be determined. This is a complex question, relying on an array of information specific to each company, beyond a company’s demonstrated assets and liabilities according to a balance sheet. Each of the actions the chapter considers are also demonstrative of different aspects of insolvency law, with different motivations and outcomes. Receiverships differ from other types of arrangements discussed in this chapter because they usually involve a receiver being appointed to look after the interests of one secured creditor.