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38504 results in Cambridge Textbooks

Page 1124 of 1926

  • 55 - Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100)

  • from Part V - International Labour Organization Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 490-493

  • Summary

    Note: Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951. Adopted Geneva, 34th ILC session, 29 June 1951. Entry into force: 23 May 1953.

    PREAMBLE

    The General Conference of the International Labour Organisation,

    Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its Thirty-fourth Session on 6 June 1951, and

    Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value, which is the seventh item on the agenda of the session, and

    Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention, adopts this twenty-ninth day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and fifty-one the following Convention, which may be cited as the Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951:

    Article 1

    For the purpose of this Convention–

  • (a) the term remuneration includes the ordinary, basic or minimum wage or salary and any additional emoluments whatsoever payable directly or indirectly, whether in cash or in kind, by the employer to the worker and arising out of the worker's employment;

  • (b) the term equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value refers to rates of remuneration established without discrimination based on sex.

    • Article 2

    1. Each Member shall, by means appropriate to the methods in operation for determining rates of remuneration, promote and, in so far as is consistent with such methods, ensure the application to all workers of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value.

    2. This principle may be applied by means of–

  • (a) national laws or regulations;

  • (b) legally established or recognised machinery for wage determination;

  • (c) collective agreements between employers and workers; or

  • (d) a combination of these various means.

    • Article 3

  • Where such action will assist in giving effect to the provisions of this Convention measures shall be taken to promote objective appraisal of jobs on the basis of the work to be performed.

  • The methods to be followed in this appraisal may be decided upon by the authorities responsible for the determination of rates of remuneration, or, where such rates are determined by collective agreements, by the parties thereto.

  • 16 - Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 1999

  • from Part I - Treaties and Associated Documents Adopted under the Auspices of or Relating to the League of Nations and United Nations
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 113-117

  • Summary

    Note: Adopted on 6 October 1999 by G.A. Resolution 54/4, annex, 54 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 5, U.N. Doc. A/54/49 (Vol. I) (2000), 2131 UNTS 83. Entry into force: 22 December 2000.

    The States Parties to the present Protocol,

    Noting that the Charter of the United Nations reaffirms faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women,

    Also noting that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Resolution 217 A (III). proclaims that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, including distinction based on sex,

    Recalling that the International Covenants on Human Rights Resolution 2200 A (XXI), annex. and other international human rights instruments prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex,

    Also recalling the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (“the Convention”), in which the States Parties thereto condemn discrimination against women in all its forms and agree to pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating discrimination against women,

    Reaffirming their determination to ensure the full and equal enjoyment by women of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and to take effective action to prevent violations of these rights and freedoms,

    Have agreed as follows:

    Article 1

    A State Party to the present Protocol (“State Party”) recognizes the competence of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (“the Committee”) to receive and consider communications submitted in accordance with article 2.

    Article 2

    Communications may be submitted by or on behalf of individuals or groups of individuals, under the jurisdiction of a State Party, claiming to be victims of a violation of any of the rights set forth in the Convention by that State Party. Where a communication is submitted on behalf of individuals or groups of individuals, this shall be with their consent unless the author can justify acting on their behalf without such consent.

    Article 3

    Communications shall be in writing and shall not be anonymous. No communication shall be received by the Committee if it concerns a State Party to the Convention that is not a party to the present Protocol.

  • 96 - Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture, 1985

  • from Part X - Organization of American States Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 772-776

  • Summary

    Note: A-51: Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture. Adopted: Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 9 December 1985. OAS Treaty Series No. 67. Entry into force: 28 February 1987.

    The American States signatory to the present Convention,

    Aware of the provision of the American Convention on Human Rights that no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading punishment or treatment;

    Reaffirming that all acts of torture or any other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment constitute an offense against human dignity and a denial of the principles set forth in the Charter of the Organization of American States and in the Charter of the United Nations and are violations of the fundamental human rights and freedoms proclaimed in the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;

    Noting that, in order for the pertinent rules contained in the aforementioned global and regional instruments to take effect, it is necessary to draft an Inter-American Convention that prevents and punishes torture;

    Reaffirming their purpose of consolidating in this hemisphere the conditions that make for recognition of and respect for the inherent dignity of man, and ensure the full exercise of his fundamental rights and freedoms,

    Have agreed upon the following:

    Article 1

    The State Parties undertake to prevent and punish torture in accordance with the terms of this Convention.

    Article 2

    For the purposes of this Convention, torture shall be understood to be any act intentionally performed whereby physical or mental pain or suffering is inflicted on a person for purposes of criminal investigation, as a means of intimidation, as personal punishment, as a preventive measure, as a penalty, or for any other purpose. Torture shall also be understood to be the use of methods upon a person intended to obliterate the personality of the victim or to diminish his physical or mental capacities, even if they do not cause physical pain or mental anguish.

    The concept of torture shall not include physical or mental pain or suffering that is inherent in or solely the consequence of lawful measures, provided that they do not include the performance of the acts or use of the methods referred to in this article.

  • 19 - Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989

  • from Part I - Treaties and Associated Documents Adopted under the Auspices of or Relating to the League of Nations and United Nations
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 140-156

  • Summary

    Note: Adopted by General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989, Official Records of the General Assembly (A/44/49) p. 166, 1577 UNTS 3. Entry into force: 2 September 1990.

    PREAMBLE

    The States Parties to the present Convention,

    Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

    Bearing in mind that the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person, and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

    Recognizing that the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,

    Recalling that, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations has proclaimed that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance,

    Convinced that the family, as the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children, should be afforded the necessary protection and assistance so that it can fully assume its responsibilities within the community,

    Recognizing that the child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding,

    Considering that the child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society, and brought up in the spirit of the ideals proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, and in particular in the spirit of peace, dignity, tolerance, freedom, equality and solidarity,

  • 30 - Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, 1981

  • from Part II - Declarations, Standard Setting and other Relevant Documents Adopted under the Auspices of the United Nations Relating Directly to Human Rights Issues
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 274-276

  • Summary

    Note: Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief adopted by General Assembly Resolution 36/55 on 25 November 1981.

    The General Assembly,

    Considering that one of the basic principles of the Charter of the United Nations is that of the dignity and equality inherent in all human beings, and that all Member States have pledged themselves to take joint and separate action in co-operation with the Organization to promote and encourage universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,

    Considering that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenants on Human Rights proclaim the principles of non-discrimination and equality before the law and the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief,

    Considering that the disregard and infringement of human rights and fundamental freedoms, in particular of the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion or whatever belief, have brought, directly or indirectly, wars and great suffering to mankind, especially where they serve as a means of foreign interference in the internal affairs of other States and amount to kindling hatred between peoples and nations,

    Considering that religion or belief, for anyone who professes either, is one of the fundamental elements in his conception of life and that freedom of religion or belief should be fully respected and guaranteed,

    Considering that it is essential to promote understanding, tolerance and respect in matters relating to freedom of religion and belief and to ensure that the use of religion or belief for ends inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations, other relevant instruments of the United Nations and the purposes and principles of the present Declaration is inadmissible,

    Convinced that freedom of religion and belief should also contribute to the attainment of the goals of world peace, social justice and friendship among peoples and to the elimination of ideologies or practices of colonialism and racial discrimination,

    Noting with satisfaction the adoption of several, and the coming into force of some, conventions, under the aegis of the United Nations and of the specialized agencies, for the elimination of various forms of discrimination,

  • 29 - Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 1960

  • from Part II - Declarations, Standard Setting and other Relevant Documents Adopted under the Auspices of the United Nations Relating Directly to Human Rights Issues
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 272-273

  • Summary

    Note: Adopted by General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV), of 14 December 1960.

    The General Assembly,

    Mindful of the determination proclaimed by the peoples of the world in the Charter of the United Nations to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

    Conscious of the need for the creation of conditions of stability and well-being and peaceful and friendly relations based on respect for the principles of equal rights and self-determination of all peoples, and of universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,

    Recognizing the passionate yearning for freedom in all dependent peoples and the decisive role of such peoples in the attainment of their independence,

    Aware of the increasing conflicts resulting from the denial of or impediments in the way of the freedom of such peoples, which constitute a serious threat to world peace,

    Considering the important role of the United Nations in assisting the movement for independence in Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories,

    Recognizing that the peoples of the world ardently desire the end of colonialism in all its manifestations,

    Convinced that the continued existence of colonialism prevents the development of international economic co-operation, impedes the social, cultural and economic development of dependent peoples and militates against the United Nations ideal of universal peace,

    Affirming that peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law,

    Believing that the process of liberation is irresistible and irreversible and that, in order to avoid serious crises, an end must be put to colonialism and all practices of segregation and discrimination associated therewith,

  • 71 - African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention), 2009

  • from Part VII - African Union Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 606-620

  • Summary

    Note: African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention). Adopted 23 October 2009, Kampala, Uganda. Entry into force: 6 December 2012.

    PREAMBLE

    We, the Heads of State and Government of the Member States of the African Union;

    CONSCIOUS of the gravity of the situation of internally displaced persons as a source of continuing instability and tension for African states;

    ALSO CONSCIOUS of the suffering and specific vulnerability of internally displaced persons; REITERATING the inherent African custom and tradition of hospitality by local host communities for persons in distress and support for such communities;

    COMMITTED to sharing our common vision of providing durable solutions to situations of internally displaced persons by establishing an appropriate legal framework for their protection and assistance;

    DETERMINED to adopt measures aimed at preventing and putting an end to the phenomenon of internal displacement by eradicating the root causes, especially persistent and recurrent conflicts as well as addressing displacement caused by natural disasters, which have a devastating impact on human life, peace, stability, security, and development;

    CONSIDERING the 2000 Constitutive Act of the African Union and the 1945 Charter of the United Nations;

    REAFFIRMING the principle of the respect of the sovereign equality of States Parties, their territorial integrity and political independence as stipulated in the Constitutive Act of the African Union and the United Nations Charter;

    RECALLING the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, the 1949 Four Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions, the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, the 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the 1981 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the 2003 Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, the 1990 African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, the 1994 Addis Ababa Document on Refugees and Forced Population Displacement in Africa, and other relevant United Nations and African Union human rights instruments, and relevant Security Council Resolutions;

  • 2 - Competition, Legitimacy and Civil War (49–44 BC)

  • Clare Rowan, University of Warwick
  • Book:
    From Caesar to Augustus (c. 49 BC–AD 14)
    Published online:
    03 October 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 23-56

  • Summary

    A discussion of the coinage struck by Julius Caesar after he crossed the Rubicon and before his assassination. The Gallic Wars, Venus and the accumulation of Caesar's titles form the focus of this discussion. The issues of Caesar's opponents (Scipio Metellus in Africa, and the sons of Pompey in Spain) are also explored in detail. An exploration of the reception of Caesar's ideology in the provinces is also provided, demonstrating the visual and ideological dialogue that took place on coins in this period.

  • 22 - Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure, 2011

  • from Part I - Treaties and Associated Documents Adopted under the Auspices of or Relating to the League of Nations and United Nations
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 169-178

  • Summary

    Note: Adopted by General Assembly Resolution 66/138 on 19 December 2011. Registration No. 27531, 14 April 2014. Entry into force: 14 April 2014.

    The States parties to the present Protocol,

    Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, the recognition of the inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

    Noting that the States parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”) recognize the rights set forth in it to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status,

    Reaffirming the universality, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelatedness of all human rights and fundamental freedoms,

    Reaffirming also the status of the child as a subject of rights and as a human being with dignity and with evolving capacities,

    Recognizing that children's special and dependent status may create real difficulties for them in pursuing remedies for violations of their rights,

    Considering that the present Protocol will reinforce and complement national and regional mechanisms allowing children to submit complaints for violations of their rights,

    Recognizing that the best interests of the child should be a primary consideration to be respected in pursuing remedies for violations of the rights of the child, and that such remedies should take into account the need for child-sensitive procedures at all levels,

    Encouraging States parties to develop appropriate national mechanisms to enable a child whose rights have been violated to have access to effective remedies at the domestic level,

    Recalling the important role that national human rights institutions and other relevant specialized institutions, mandated to promote and protect the rights of the child, can play in this regard,

  • 97 - Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons, 1994

  • from Part X - Organization of American States Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 777-782

  • Summary

    Note: A-60: Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons. Adopted at Belem Do Parma, Brazil, 9 June 1994. Entry into force: 28 March 1996.

    PREAMBLE

    The Member States of the Organization of American States signatory to the present Convention,

    DISTURBED by the persistence of the forced disappearance of persons;

    REAFFIRMING that the true meaning of American solidarity and good neighborliness can be none other than that of consolidating in this Hemisphere, in the framework of democratic institutions, a system of individual freedom and social justice based on respect for essential human rights;

    CONSIDERING that the forced disappearance of persons in an affront to the conscience of the Hemisphere and a grave and abominable offense against the inherent dignity of the human being, and one that contradicts the principles and purposes enshrined in the Charter of the Organization of American States;

    CONSIDERING that the forced disappearance of persons of persons violates numerous non-derogable and essential human rights enshrined in the American Convention on Human Rights, in the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;

    RECALLING that the international protection of human rights is in the form of a convention reinforcing or complementing the protection provided by domestic law and is based upon the attributes of the human personality;

    REAFFIRMING that the systematic practice of the forced disappearance of persons constitutes a crime against humanity;

    HOPING that this Convention may help to prevent, punish, and eliminate the forced disappearance of persons in the Hemisphere and make a decisive contribution to the protection of human rights and the rule of law,

    RESOLVE to adopt the following Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons:

    Article I

    The States Parties to this Convention undertake:

  • a. Not to practice, permit, or tolerate the forced disappearance of persons, even in states of emergency or suspension of individual guarantees;

  • b. To punish within their jurisdictions, those persons who commit or attempt to commit the crime of forced disappearance of persons and their accomplices and accessories;

  • c. To cooperate with one another in helping to prevent, punish, and eliminate the forced disappearance of persons;

  • d. To take legislative, administrative, judicial, and any other measures necessary to comply with the commitments undertaken in this Convention.

  • 9 - Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2008

  • from Part I - Treaties and Associated Documents Adopted under the Auspices of or Relating to the League of Nations and United Nations
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 54-61

  • Summary

    Note: adopted by General Assembly Resolution 63/117 (2008), 10 December 2008. Registration No. 14531. Entry into force: 5 May 2013.

    PREAMBLE

    The States Parties to the present Protocol,

    Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

    Noting that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,

    Recalling that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenants on Human Rights recognize that the ideal of free human beings enjoying freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights,

    Reaffirming the universality, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelatedness of all human rights and fundamental freedoms,

    Recalling that each State Party to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (hereinafter referred to as the Covenant) undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the Covenant by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures,

    Considering that, in order further to achieve the purposes of the Covenant and the implementation of its provisions, it would be appropriate to enable the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (hereinafter referred to as the Committee) to carry out the functions provided for in the present Protocol,

  • 63 - International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), Articles of Agreement, 1944 (excerpts only)

  • from Part VI - International Financial Institutions
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 538-539

  • Summary

    Note: Introductory Article and Article I only. Adopted by the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference; Bretton Woods, 1–22 July 1944, as amended with effect 16 February 1989.

    IBRD ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT

    Introductory Article

    The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is established and shall operate in accordance with the following provisions:

    Article I

    Purposes

    The purposes of the Bank are:

  • (i) To assist in the reconstruction and development of territories of members by facilitating the investment of capital for productive purposes, including the restoration of economies destroyed or disrupted by war, the reconversion of productive facilities to peacetime needs and the encouragement of the development of productive facilities and resources in less developed countries.

  • (ii) To promote private foreign investment by means of guarantees or participations in loans and other investments made by private investors; and when private capital is not available on reasonable terms, to supplement private investment by providing, on suitable conditions, finance for productive purposes out of its own capital, funds raised by it and its other resources.

  • (iii) To promote the long-range balanced growth of international trade and the maintenance of equilibrium in balances of payments by encouraging international investment for the development of the productive resources of members, thereby assisting in raising productivity, the standard of living and conditions of labor in their territories.

  • (iv) To arrange the loans made or guaranteed by it in relation to international loans through other channels so that the more useful and urgent projects, large and small alike, will be dealt with first.

  • (v) To conduct its operations with due regard to the effect of international investment on business conditions in the territories of members and, in the immediate postwar years, to assist in bringing about a smooth transition from a wartime to a peacetime economy.

    • The Bank shall be guided in all its decisions by the purposes set forth above.

  • 61 - Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)

  • from Part V - International Labour Organization Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 524-527

  • Summary

    Note: Convention Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Adopted Geneva, 87th session of the ILC, 17 June 1999. Entry into force: 19 November 2000.

    PREAMBLE

    The General Conference of the International Labour Organization,

    Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its 87th Session on 1 June 1999, and

    Considering the need to adopt new instruments for the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, as the main priority for national and international action, including international cooperation and assistance, to complement the Convention and the Recommendation concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, 1973, which remain fundamental instruments on child labour, and

    Considering that the effective elimination of the worst forms of child labour requires immediate and comprehensive action, taking into account the importance of free basic education and the need to remove the children concerned from all such work and to provide for their rehabilitation and social integration while addressing the needs of their families, and

    Recalling the resolution concerning the elimination of child labour adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 83rd Session in 1996, and

    Recognizing that child labour is to a great extent caused by poverty and that the long-term solution lies in sustained economic growth leading to social progress, in particular poverty alleviation and universal education, and

    Recalling the Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 November 1989, and

    Recalling the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up, adopted by the International Labour Conference at its 86th Session in 1998, and

    Recalling that some of the worst forms of child labour are covered by other international instruments, in particular the Forced Labour Convention, 1930, and the United Nations Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, 1956, and

    Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to child labour, which is the fourth item on the agenda of the session, and

  • 76 - Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950

  • from Part IX - Council of Europe Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 638-650

  • Summary

    Note: Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted Rome, 4 November 1950. ETS No. 5. Entry into force: 3 September, 1953 as amended by Protocol Number 14 (CETS No. 194); which entered into force on 1 June 2010.

    The Governments signatory hereto, being members of the Council of Europe,

    Considering the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10th December 1948;

    Considering that this Declaration aims at securing the universal and effective recognition and observance of the Rights therein declared;

    Considering that the aim of the Council of Europe is the achievement of greater unity between its members and that one of the methods by which that aim is to be pursued is the maintenance and further realisation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

    Reaffirming their profound belief in those fundamental freedoms which are the foundation of justice and peace in the world and are best maintained on the one hand by an effective political democracy and on the other by a common understanding and observance of the Human Rights upon which they depend;

    Being resolved, as the governments of European countries which are likeminded and have a common heritage of political traditions, ideals, freedom and the rule of law, to take the first steps for the collective enforcement of certain of the rights stated in the Universal Declaration,

    Have agreed as follows:

    Article 1 Obligation to respect Human Rights

    The High Contracting Parties shall secure to everyone within their jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in Section I of this Convention.

    Section I Rights and Freedoms

    Article 2 Right to life

    1. Everyone's right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law.

    2. Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this Article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary:

  • (a) in defence of any person from unlawful violence;

  • (b) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained;

  • (c) in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection.

  • 95 - Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty, 1990

  • from Part X - Organization of American States Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 770-771

  • Summary

    Note: A-53: Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty. Adopted: Asuncion, Paraguay, 8 June 1990. OAS Treaty Series No. 73 (1990). Not yet in force.

    PREAMBLE

    THE STATES PARTIES TO THIS PROTOCOL,

    CONSIDERING:

    That Article 4 of the American Convention on Human Rights recognizes the right to life and restricts the application of the death penalty;

    That everyone has the inalienable right to respect for his life, a right that cannot be suspended for any reason;

    That the tendency among the American States is to be in favor of abolition of the death penalty;

    That application of the death penalty has irrevocable consequences, forecloses the correction of judicial error, and precludes any possibility of changing or rehabilitating those convicted;

    That the abolition of the death penalty helps to ensure more effective protection of the right to life;

    That an international agreement must be arrived at that will entail a progressive development of the American Convention on Human Rights, and

    That States Parties to the American Convention on Human Rights have expressed their intention to adopt an international agreement with a view to consolidating the practice of not applying the death penalty in the Americas,

    HAVE AGREED TO SIGN THE FOLLOWING PROTOCOL TO THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS TO ABOLISH THE DEATH PENALTY

    Article 1

    The States Parties to this Protocol shall not apply the death penalty in their territory to any person subject to their jurisdiction.

    Article 2

  • No reservations may be made to this Protocol. However, at the time of ratification or accession, the States Parties to this instrument may declare that they reserve the right to apply the death penalty in wartime in accordance with international law, for extremely serious crimes of a military nature.

  • The State Party making this reservation shall, upon ratification or accession, inform the Secretary General of the Organization of American States of the pertinent provisions of its national legislation applicable in wartime, as referred to in the preceding paragraph.

  • Said State Party shall notify the Secretary General of the Organization of American States of the beginning or end of any state of war in effect in its territory.

  • 5 - Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951

  • from Part I - Treaties and Associated Documents Adopted under the Auspices of or Relating to the League of Nations and United Nations
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 18-30

  • Summary

    Note: adopted by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 429(V) of 14 December 1950, 189 UNTS 150. Entry into force: 22 April 1954.

    PREAMBLE

    THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES,

    CONSIDERING that the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights approved on 10 December 1948 by the General Assembly have affirmed the principle that human beings shall enjoy fundamental rights and freedoms without discrimination,

    CONSIDERING that the United Nations has, on various occasions, manifested its profound concern for refugees and endeavoured to assure refugees the widest possible exercise of these fundamental rights and freedoms,

    CONSIDERING that it is desirable to revise and consolidate previous international agreements relating to the status of refugees and to extend the scope of and the protection accorded by such instruments by means of a new agreement,

    CONSIDERING that the grant of asylum may place unduly heavy burdens on certain countries, and that a satisfactory solution of a problem of which the United Nations has recognized the international scope and nature cannot therefore be achieved without international co-operation,

    EXPRESSING the wish that all States, recognizing the social and humanitarian nature of the problem of refugees, will do everything within their power to prevent this problem from becoming a cause of tension between States,

    NOTING that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is charged with the task of supervising international conventions providing for the protection of refugees, and recognizing that the effective co-ordination of measures taken to deal with this problem will depend upon the co-operation of States with the High Commissioner,

    HAVE AGREED as follows:

    Chapter I General Provisions

    Article 1. Definition of the term “refugee”

    A. For the purposes of the present Convention, the term “refugee”, shall apply to any person who:

  • Has been considered a refugee under the Arrangements of 12 May 1926 and 30 June 1928 or under the Conventions of 28 October 1933 and 10 February 1938, the Protocol of 14 September 1939 or the Constitution of the International Refugee Organization;

  • 11 - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966

  • from Part I - Treaties and Associated Documents Adopted under the Auspices of or Relating to the League of Nations and United Nations
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 70-85

  • Summary

    Note: adopted by General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 UNTS 17. Entry into force: 23 March 1976.

    PREAMBLE

    The States Parties to the present Covenant,

    Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

    Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person,

    Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his civil and political rights, as well as his economic, social and cultural rights,

    Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and freedoms,

    Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant,

    Agree upon the following articles:

    PART I

    Article 1

  • All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

  • All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.

  • The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.

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