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38504 results in Cambridge Textbooks

Page 1126 of 1926

  • 77 - Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1952 (First Protocol)

  • from Part IX - Council of Europe Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 651-652

  • Summary

    Note: Adopted, Paris, 20 March 1952. ETS No. 9. Entry into force: 18 May 1954.

    The Governments signatory hereto, being members of the Council of Europe,

    Being resolved to take steps to ensure the collective enforcement of certain rights and freedoms other than those already included in Section I of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms signed at Rome on 4 November 1950 (hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”),

    Have agreed as follows:

    Article 1 Protection of property

    Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law.

    The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.

    Article 2 Right to education

    No person shall be denied the right to education. In the exercise of any functions which it assumes in relation to education and to teaching, the State shall respect the right of parents to ensure such education and teaching in conformity with their own religious and philosophical convictions.

    Article 3 Right to free elections

    The High Contracting Parties undertake to hold free elections at reasonable intervals by secret ballot, under conditions which will ensure the free expression of the opinion of the people in the choice of the legislature.

    Article 4 Territorial application

    Any High Contracting Party may at the time of signature or ratification or at any time thereafter communicate to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe a declaration stating the extent to which it undertakes that the provisions of the present Protocol shall apply to such of the territories for the international relations of which it is responsible as are named therein.

  • 26 - International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, 2006

  • from Part I - Treaties and Associated Documents Adopted under the Auspices of or Relating to the League of Nations and United Nations
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 240-255

  • Summary

    Note: adopted on 20 December 2006, by General Assembly Resolution 61/177, 2716 UNTS 3. Entry into force: 23 December 2010.

    The States Parties to this Convention,

    Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms,

    Having regard to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

    Recalling the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the other relevant international instruments in the fields of human rights, humanitarian law and international criminal law,

    Also recalling the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its resolution 47/133 of 18 December 1992,

    Aware of the extreme seriousness of enforced disappearance, which constitutes a crime and, in certain circumstances defined in international law, a crime against humanity,

    Determined to prevent enforced disappearances and to combat impunity for the crime of enforced disappearance,

    Considering the right of any person not to be subjected to enforced disappearance, the right of victims to justice and to reparation,

    Affirming the right of any victim to know the truth about the circumstances of an enforced disappearance and the fate of the disappeared person, and the right to freedom to seek, receive and impart information to this end,

    Have agreed on the following articles:

    PART I

    Article 1

  • No one shall be subjected to enforced disappearance.

  • No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability or any other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification for enforced disappearance.

    • Article 2

    For the purposes of this Convention, “enforced disappearance” is considered to be the arrest, detention, abduction or any other form of deprivation of liberty by agents of the State or by persons or groups of persons acting with the authorization, support or acquiescence of the State, followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty or by concealment of the fate or whereabouts of the disappeared person, which place such a person outside the protection of the law.

  • 62 - ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, 2008

  • from Part V - International Labour Organization Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 528-536

  • Summary

    Note: Adopted by the International Labour Conference, Geneva, 97th session, 10 June 2008.

    The International Labour Conference, meeting in Geneva on the occasion of its Ninety-seventh Session,

    Considering that the present context of globalization, characterized by the diffusion of new technologies, the flow of ideas, the exchange of goods and services, the increase in capital and financial flows, the internationalization of business and business processes and dialogue as well as the movement of persons, especially working women and men, is reshaping the world of work in profound ways:

  • • on the one hand, the process of economic cooperation and integration has helped a number of countries to benefit from high rates of economic growth and employment creation, to absorb many of the rural poor into the modern urban economy, to advance their developmental goals, and to foster innovation in product development and the circulation of ideas;

  • • on the other hand, global economic integration has caused many countries and sectors to face major challenges of income inequality, continuing high levels of unemployment and poverty, vulnerability of economies to external shocks, and the growth of both unprotected work and the informal economy, which impact on the employment relationship and the protections it can offer;

    • Recognizing that achieving an improved and fair outcome for all has become even more necessary in these circumstances to meet the universal aspiration for social justice, to reach full employment, to ensure the sustainability of open societies and the global economy, to achieve social cohesion and to combat poverty and rising inequalities;

    Convinced that the International Labour Organization has a key role to play in helping to promote and achieve progress and social justice in a constantly changing environment:

    • based on the mandate contained in the ILO Constitution, including the Declaration of Philadelphia (1944), which continues to be fully relevant in the twenty-first century and should inspire the policy of its Members and which, among other aims, purposes and principles:

  • – affirms that labour is not a commodity and that poverty anywhere constitutes a danger to prosperity everywhere;

  • 48 - Proclamation of Teheran, 1968

  • from Part IV - UN World Conferences and Summits
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 400-402

  • Summary

    Note: Proclamation of Teheran, Final Act of the International Conference on Human Rights, Teheran, 22 April to 13 May 1968, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 32/41 at 3 (1968).

    The International Conference on Human Rights,

    Having met at Teheran from April 22 to May 13, 1968 to review the progress made in the twenty years since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and to formulate a programme for the future,

    Having considered the problems relating to the activities of the United Nations for the promotion and encouragement of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms,

    Bearing in mind the resolutions adopted by the Conference,

    Noting that the observance of the International Year for Human Rights takes place at a time when the world is undergoing a process of unprecedented change,

    Having regard to the new opportunities made available by the rapid progress of science and technology,

    Believing that, in an age when conflict and violence prevail in many parts of the world, the fact of human interdependence and the need for human solidarity are more evident than ever before,

    Recognizing that peace is the universal aspiration of mankind and that peace and justice are indispensable to the full realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms,

    Solemnly proclaims that:

  • It is imperative that the members of the international community fulfil their solemn obligations to promote and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinctions of any kind such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions;

  • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states a common understanding of the peoples of the world concerning the inalienable and inviolable rights of all members of the human family and constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community;

  • The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination as well as other conventions and declarations in the field of human rights adopted under the auspices of the United Nations, the specialized agencies and the regional intergovernmental organizations, have created new standards and obligations to which States should conform;

  • 91 - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, 1992

  • from Part IX - Council of Europe Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 722-734

  • Summary

    Note: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, adopted Strasbourg, 5 November 1992. ETS No. 148. Entry into force: 1 March 1998.

    PREAMBLE

    The member States of the Council of Europe signatory hereto,

    Considering that the aim of the Council of Europe is to achieve a greater unity between its members, particularly for the purpose of safeguarding and realising the ideals and principles which are their common heritage;

    Considering that the protection of the historical regional or minority languages of Europe, some of which are in danger of eventual extinction, contributes to the maintenance and development of Europe's cultural wealth and traditions;

    Considering that the right to use a regional or minority language in private and public life is an inalienable right conforming to the principles embodied in the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and according to the spirit of the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

    Having regard to the work carried out within the CSCE and in particular to the Helsinki Final Act of 1975 and the document of the Copenhagen Meeting of 1990;

    Stressing the value of interculturalism and multilingualism and considering that the protection and encouragement of regional or minority languages should not be to the detriment of the official languages and the need to learn them;

    Realising that the protection and promotion of regional or minority languages in the different countries and regions of Europe represent an important contribution to the building of a Europe based on the principles of democracy and cultural diversity within the framework of national sovereignty and territorial integrity;

    Taking into consideration the specific conditions and historical traditions in the different regions of the European States,

    Have agreed as follows:

    PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS

    Article 1 – Definitions

    For the purposes of this Charter:

    a “regional or minority languages” means languages that are:

    i traditionally used within a given territory of a State by nationals of that State who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the State's population; and

    ii different from the official language(s) of that State;

    it does not include either dialects of the official language(s) of the State or the languages of migrants;

  • 66 - Protocol to the African Charter on Human And Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1998

  • from Part VII - African Union Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 557-563

  • Summary

    Note: Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Adopted at Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 10 June 1998, OAU/LEG/MIN/AFCHPR/PROT.1 rev.2 (1997). Entry into force: 25 January 2004.

    The Member States of the Organization of African Unity hereinafter referred to as the OAU, States Parties to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights.

    Considering that the Charter of the Organization of African Unity recognizes that freedom, equality, justice, peace and dignity are essential objectives for the achievement of the legitimate aspirations of the African Peoples;

    Noting that the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights reaffirms adherence to the principles of Human and Peoples’ Rights, freedoms and duties contained in the declarations, conventions and other instruments adopted by the Organization of African Unity, and other international organizations;

    Recognizing that the twofold objective of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights is to ensure on the one hand promotion and on the other protection of Human and Peoples’ Rights, freedom and duties;

    Recognizing further, the efforts of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights in the promotion and protection of Human and Peoples’ Rights since its inception in 1987;

    Recalling resolution AHGéRes.230 (XXX) adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government in June 1994 in Tunis, Tunisia, requesting the Secretary-General to convene a Government experts’ meeting to ponder, in conjunction with the African Commission, over the means to enhance the efficiency of the African commission and to consider in particular the establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights;

    Noting the first and second Government legal experts’ meeting held respectively in Cape Town, South Africa (September, 1995) and Nouakchott, Mauritania (April 1997), and the third Government Legal Experts meeting held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (December, 1997), which was enlarged to include Diplomats;

    Firmly convinced that the attainment of the objectives of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights requires the establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights to complement and reinforce the functions of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights.

  • 8 - International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966

  • from Part I - Treaties and Associated Documents Adopted under the Auspices of or Relating to the League of Nations and United Nations
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 45-53

  • Summary

    Note: adopted by General Assembly Resolution 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N.GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 49, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 993 UNTS 3. Entry into force: 3 January 1976.

    PREAMBLE

    The States Parties to the present Covenant,

    Considering that, in accordance with the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

    Recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person,

    Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free human beings enjoying freedom from fear and want can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his economic, social and cultural rights, as well as his civil and political rights,

    Considering the obligation of States under the Charter of the United Nations to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and freedoms,

    Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant,

    Agree upon the following articles:

    PART I

    Article 1

  • All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.

  • All peoples may, for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law. In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.

  • The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.

  • 60 - ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, 1998

  • from Part V - International Labour Organization Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 520-523

  • Summary

    Note: ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up. Adopted by the International Labour Conference, 86th Session, Geneva, 18 June 1998. Annex revised 15 June 2010.

    Whereas the ILO was founded in the conviction that social justice is essential to universal and lasting peace;

    Whereas economic growth is essential but not sufficient to ensure equity, social progress and the eradication of poverty, confirming the need for the ILO to promote strong social policies, justice and democratic institutions;

    Whereas the ILO should, now more than ever, draw upon all its standard-setting, technical cooperation and research resources in all its areas of competence, in particular employment, vocational training and working conditions, to ensure that, in the context of a global strategy for economic and social development, economic and social policies are mutually reinforcing components in order to create broad-based sustainable development;

    Whereas the ILO should give special attention to the problems of persons with special social needs, particularly the unemployed and migrant workers, and mobilize and encourage international, regional and national efforts aimed at resolving their problems, and promote effective policies aimed at job creation;

    Whereas, in seeking to maintain the link between social progress and economic growth, the guarantee of fundamental principles and rights at work is of particular significance in that it enables the persons concerned, to claim freely and on the basis of equality of opportunity, their fair share of the wealth which they have helped to generate, and to achieve fully their human potential;

    Whereas the ILO is the constitutionally mandated international organization and the competent body to set and deal with international labour standards, and enjoys universal support and acknowledgement in promoting Fundamental Rights at Work as the expression of its constitutional principles;

    Whereas it is urgent, in a situation of growing economic interdependence, to reaffirm the immutable nature of the fundamental principles and rights embodied in the Constitution of the Organization and to promote their universal application;

  • 34 - Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1998

  • from Part II - Declarations, Standard Setting and other Relevant Documents Adopted under the Auspices of the United Nations Relating Directly to Human Rights Issues
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 289-294

  • Summary

    Note: The Declaration was adopted by General Assembly Resolution 53/144 on 9 December 1998.

    The General Assembly,

    Reaffirming the importance of the observance of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations for the promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all persons in all countries of the world,

    Reaffirming also the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenants on Human Rights as basic elements of international efforts to promote universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms and the importance of other human rights instruments adopted within the United Nations system, as well as those at the regional level,

    Stressing that all members of the international community shall fulfil, jointly and separately, their solemn obligation to promote and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction of any kind, including distinctions based on race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, and reaffirming the particular importance of achieving international cooperation to fulfil this obligation according to the Charter,

    Acknowledging the important role of international cooperation for, and the valuable work of individuals, groups and associations in contributing to, the effective elimination of all violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms of peoples and individuals, including in relation to mass, flagrant or systematic violations such as those resulting from apartheid, all forms of racial discrimination, colonialism, foreign domination or occupation, aggression or threats to national sovereignty, national unity or territorial integrity and from the refusal to recognize the right of peoples to self-determination and the right of every people to exercise full sovereignty over its wealth and natural resources,

    Recognizing the relationship between international peace and security and the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and mindful that the absence of international peace and security does not excuse non-compliance,

    Reiterating that all human rights and fundamental freedoms are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated and should be promoted and implemented in a fair and equitable manner, without prejudice to the implementation of each of those rights and freedoms,

  • 49 - Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993

  • from Part IV - UN World Conferences and Summits
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 403-427

  • Summary

    Note: Adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna on 25 June 1993.

    The World Conference on Human Rights,

    Considering that the promotion and protection of human rights is a matter of priority for the international community, and that the Conference affords a unique opportunity to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the international human rights system and of the machinery for the protection of human rights, in order to enhance and thus promote a fuller observance of those rights, in a just and balanced manner,

    Recognizing and affirming that all human rights derive from the dignity and worth inherent in the human person, and that the human person is the central subject of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and consequently should be the principal beneficiary and should participate actively in the realization of these rights and freedoms,

    Reaffirming their commitment to the purposes and principles contained in the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,

    Reaffirming the commitment contained in Article 56 of the Charter of the United Nations to take joint and separate action, placing proper emphasis on developing effective international cooperation for the realization of the purposes set out in Article 55, including universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all,

    Emphasizing the responsibilities of all States, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations, to develop and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,

    Recalling the Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations, in particular the determination to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, and in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small,

    Recalling also the determination expressed in the Preamble of the Charter of the United Nations to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, to establish conditions under which justice and respect for obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, to practice tolerance and good neighbourliness, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,

Page 1126 of 1926