Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  1. Home
  2. Publications
  3. Textbooks
  4. Content Listing

Refine search

Refine search

Access:
Content type:
Publication date:
Apply   From and To filters
Subject: Show more
Journals Show more
Publishers: Show more
Societies Show more
Series: Show more
Collections: Show more

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

38504 results in Cambridge Textbooks

Page 1125 of 1926

  • 93 - American Convention on Human Rights, ‘Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica’, 1969

  • from Part X - Organization of American States Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 742-761

  • Summary

    Note: American Convention on Human Rights, ‘Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica’ OAS Treaty Series No. 36, 1144 UNTS 123. Entry into force: 18 July 1978.

    PREAMBLE

    The American states signatory to the present Convention,

    Reaffirming their intention to consolidate in this hemisphere, within the framework of democratic institutions, a system of personal liberty and social justice based on respect for the essential rights of man;

    Recognizing that the essential rights of man are not derived from one's being a national of a certain state, but are based upon attributes of the human personality, and that they therefore justify international protection in the form of a convention reinforcing or complementing the protection provided by the domestic law of the American states;

    Considering that these principles have been set forth in the Charter of the Organization of American States, in the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and that they have been reaffirmed and refined in other international instruments, worldwide as well as regional in scope;

    Reiterating that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ideal of free men enjoying freedom from fear and want can be achieved only if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy his economic, social, and cultural rights, as well as his civil and political rights; and

    Considering that the Third Special Inter-American Conference (Buenos Aires, 1967) approved the incorporation into the Charter of the Organization itself of broader standards with respect to economic, social, and educational rights and resolved that an inter-American convention on human rights should determine the structure, competence, and procedure of the organs responsible for these matters,

    Have agreed upon the following:

    PART I STATE OBLIGATIONS AND RIGHTS PROTECTED

    Chapter I General Obligations

    Article 1. Obligation to Respect Rights

  • The States Parties to this Convention undertake to respect the rights and freedoms recognized herein and to ensure to all persons subject to their jurisdiction the free and full exercise of those rights and freedoms, without any discrimination for reasons of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, economic status, birth, or any other social condition.

  • For the purposes of this Convention, “person” means every human being.

  • 10 - Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1997

  • from Part I - Treaties and Associated Documents Adopted under the Auspices of or Relating to the League of Nations and United Nations
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 62-69

  • Summary

    Note: the Maastricht Guidelines were adopted by a group of experts meeting at Maastricht, Netherlands between 22 and 26 January 1997 so as to agree what was entailed in the violation of economic, social and cultural rights. They are not legally binding and are now a little dated but still useful in understanding what is meant by some of the terms in treaties protecting such rights.

    INTRODUCTION

    On the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (hereinafter ‘the Limburg Principles’), a group of more than thirty experts met in Maastricht from 22–26 January 1997 at the invitation of the International Commission of Jurists (Geneva, Switzerland), the Urban Morgan Institute on Human Rights (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA) and the Centre for Human Rights of the Faculty of Law of Maastricht University (the Netherlands). The objective of this meeting was to elaborate on the Limburg Principles as regards the nature and scope of violations of economic, social and cultural rights and appropriate responses and remedies.

    The participants unanimously agreed on the following guidelines which they understand to reflect the evolution of international law since 1986. These guidelines are designed to be of use to all who are concerned with understanding and determining violations of economic, social and cultural rights and in providing remedies thereto, in particular monitoring and adjudicating bodies at the national, regional and international levels.

    THE MAASTRICHT GUIDELINES ON VIOLATIONS OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

    THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

  • Since the Limburg Principles were adopted in 1986, the economic and social conditions have declined at alarming rates for over 1.6 billion people, while they have advanced also at a dramatic pace for more than a quarter of the world's population. The gap between rich and poor has doubled in the last three decades, with the poorest fifth of the world's population receiving 1.4% of the global income and the richest fifth 85%. The impact of these disparities on the lives of people – especially the poor – is dramatic and renders the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights illusory for a significant portion of humanity.

  • 14 - United Nations, Economic and Social Council, Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1985

  • from Part I - Treaties and Associated Documents Adopted under the Auspices of or Relating to the League of Nations and United Nations
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 92-101

  • Summary

    Note: the Siracusa Principles were adopted by the (now defunct) UN Commission on Human Rights on 28 September 1984, they are not legally binding. U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1985/4, Annex (1985).

    I. The Limitation Clauses in the Covenant

    A. General Interpretative Principles Relating to the Justification of Limitations

    B. Interpretative Principles Relating to Specific Limitation Clauses

  • i. “prescribed by law”

  • ii. “in a democratic society”

  • iii. “public order (ordre public)”

  • iv. “public health”

  • v. “public morals”

  • vi. “national security”

  • vii. “public safety”

  • viii. “rights and freedoms of others,” or “rights and reputations of others”

  • ix. “restrictions on public trial”

    • II. Derogations in a Public Emergency

  • A. “Public Emergency Which Threatens the Life of the Nation”

  • B. Proclamation, Notification, and Termination of a Public Emergency

  • C. “Strictly Required by the Exigencies of the Situation”

  • D. Non-Derogable Rights

  • E. Some General Principles on the Introduction and Application of a Public Emergency and Consequent Derogation Measures

  • F. Recommendations Concerning the Functions and Duties of the Human Rights Committee and United Nations Bodies

    • PART I THE LIMITATION CLAUSES IN THE COVENANT

    A. GENERAL INTERPRETATIVE PRINCIPLES RELATING TO THE JUSTIFICATION OF LIMITATIONS*

    (* The term “limitations” in these principles include the term “restrictions” as used in the Covenant.)

  • No limitations or grounds for applying them to rights guaranteed by the Covenant are permitted other than those contained in the terms of the Covenant itself.

  • The scope of a limitation referred to in the Covenant shall not be interpreted so as to jeopardize the essence of the right concerned.

  • All limitation clauses shall be interpreted strictly and in favor of the rights at issue.

  • All limitations shall be interpreted in the light and context of the particular right concerned.

  • All limitations on a right recognized by the Covenant shall be provided for by law and be compatible with the objects and purposes of the Covenant.

  • No limitation referred to in the Covenant shall be applied for any purpose other than that for which it has been prescribed.

  • No limitation shall be applied in an arbitrary manner.

  • Every limitation imposed shall be subject to the possibility of challenge to and remedy against its abusive application.

  • No limitation on a right recognized by the Covenant shall discriminate contrary to Article 2, paragraph 1.

  • 74 - ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (AHRD) 2012

  • from Part VIII - Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 629-634

  • Summary

    Note: Adopted Phnom Penh, Cambodia 18 November 2012.

    WE, the Heads of State/Government of the Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (hereinafter referred to as “ASEAN”), namely Brunei Darussalam, the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Republic of Indonesia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, the Republic of the Philippines, the Republic of Singapore, the Kingdom of Thailand and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam, on the occasion of the 21st ASEAN Summit in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

    REAFFIRMING our adherence to the purposes and principles of ASEAN as enshrined in the ASEAN Charter, in particular the respect for and promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as the principles of democracy, the rule of law and good governance;

    REAFFIRMING FURTHER our commitment to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Charter of the United Nations, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, and other international human rights instruments to which ASEAN Member States are parties;

    REAFFIRMING ALSO the importance of ASEAN's efforts in promoting human rights, including the Declaration of the Advancement of Women in the ASEAN Region and the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women in the ASEAN Region;

    CONVINCED that this Declaration will help establish a framework for human rights cooperation in the region and contribute to the ASEAN community building process;

    HEREBY DECLARE AS FOLLOWS:

    General Principles

  • All persons are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of humanity.

  • Every person is entitled to the rights and freedoms set forth herein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, gender, age, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, economic status, birth, disability or other status.

  • Every person has the right of recognition everywhere as a person before the law. Every person is equal before the law. Every person is entitled without discrimination to equal protection of the law.

  • The rights of women, children, the elderly, persons with disabilities, migrant workers, and vulnerable and marginalised groups are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

  • 15 - Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979

  • from Part I - Treaties and Associated Documents Adopted under the Auspices of or Relating to the League of Nations and United Nations
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 102-112

  • Summary

    Note: adopted by General Assembly Resolution. 34/180, on 18 December 1979, 34 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 46) at p.193, U.N. Doc. A/34/46, 1249 UNTS 13. Entry into force: 3 September 1981.

    The States Parties to the present Convention,

    Noting that the Charter of the United Nations reaffirms faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women,

    Noting that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms the principle of the inadmissibility of discrimination and proclaims that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, including distinction based on sex,

    Noting that the States Parties to the International Covenants on Human Rights have the obligation to ensure the equal rights of men and women to enjoy all economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights,

    Considering the international conventions concluded under the auspices of the United Nations and the specialized agencies promoting equality of rights of men and women,

    Noting also the resolutions, declarations and recommendations adopted by the United Nations and the specialized agencies promoting equality of rights of men and women,

    Concerned, however, that despite these various instruments extensive discrimination against women continues to exist,

    Recalling that discrimination against women violates the principles of equality of rights and respect for human dignity, is an obstacle to the participation of women, on equal terms with men, in the political, social, economic and cultural life of their countries, hampers the growth of the prosperity of society and the family and makes more difficult the full development of the potentialities of women in the service of their countries and of humanity,

    Concerned that in situations of poverty women have the least access to food, health, education, training and opportunities for employment and other needs,

    Convinced that the establishment of the new international economic order based on equity and justice will contribute significantly towards the promotion of equality between men and women,

    Emphasizing that the eradication of apartheid, all forms of racism, racial discrimination, colonialism, neo-colonialism, aggression, foreign occupation and domination and interference in the internal affairs of States is essential to the full enjoyment of the rights of men and women,

  • 57 - Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111)

  • from Part V - International Labour Organization Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 497-500

  • Summary

    Note: Convention Concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation. Adopted Geneva, 42nd ILC session, 25 June 1958. Entry into force: 15 June 1960.

    PREAMBLE

    The General Conference of the International Labour Organisation,

    Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its Forty-second Session on 4 June 1958, and

    Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to discrimination in the field of employment and occupation, which is the fourth item on the agenda of the session, and

    Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention, and

    Considering that the Declaration of Philadelphia affirms that all human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spiritual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity, and

    Considering further that discrimination constitutes a violation of rights enunciated by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopts this twenty-fifth day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and fifty-eight the following Convention, which may be cited as the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958:

    Article 1

    1. For the purpose of this Convention the term discrimination includes–

  • (a) any distinction, exclusion or preference made on the basis of race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin, which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation;

  • (b) such other distinction, exclusion or preference which has the effect of nullifying or impairing equality of opportunity or treatment in employment or occupation as may be determined by the Member concerned after consultation with representative employers’ and workers’ organisations, where such exist, and with other appropriate bodies.

    • 2. Any distinction, exclusion or preference in respect of a particular job based on the inherent requirements thereof shall not be deemed to be discrimination.

    3. For the purpose of this Convention the terms employment and occupation include access to vocational training, access to employment and to particular occupations, and terms and conditions of employment.

  • 64 - International Monetary Fund, Articles of Agreement, 1944 (excerpts only)

  • from Part VI - International Financial Institutions
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 540-540

  • Summary

    Note: Introductory Article and Article I only. Adopted by the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, Bretton Woods, 1–22 July 1944.

    Introductory Article

  • (i) The International Monetary Fund is established and shall operate in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement as originally adopted and subsequently amended.

  • (ii) To enable the Fund to conduct its operations and transactions, the Fund shall maintain a General Department and a Special Drawing Rights Department. Membership in the Fund shall give the right to participation in the Special Drawing Rights Department.

  • (iii) Operations and transactions authorized by this Agreement shall be conducted through the General Department, consisting in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement of the General Resources Account, the Special Disbursement Account, and the Investment Account; except that operations and transactions involving special drawing rights shall be conducted through the Special Drawing Rights Department.

    • Article I: Purposes

    The purposes of the International Monetary Fund are:

  • (i) To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary problems.

  • (ii) To facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade, and to contribute thereby to the promotion and maintenance of high levels of employment and real income and to the development of the productive resources of all members as primary objectives of economic policy.

  • (iii) To promote exchange stability, to maintain orderly exchange arrangements among members, and to avoid competitive exchange depreciation.

  • (iv) To assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments in respect of current transactions between members and in the elimination of foreign exchange restrictions which hamper the growth of world trade.

  • (v) To give confidence to members by making the general resources of the Fund temporarily available to them under adequate safeguards, thus providing them with opportunity to correct maladjustments in their balance of payments without resorting to measures destructive of national or international prosperity.

  • (vi) In accordance with the above, to shorten the duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium in the international balances of payments of members.

  • 53 - Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87)

  • from Part V - International Labour Organization Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 481-485

  • Summary

    Note: Convention Concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise. Adopted San Francisco, 31st ILC session, 9 July 1948. Entry into force: 4 July 1950.

    PREAMBLE

    The General Conference of the International Labour Organisation,

    Having been convened at San Francisco by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its Thirty-first Session on 17 June 1948;

    Having decided to adopt, in the form of a Convention, certain proposals concerning freedom of association and protection of the right to organise, which is the seventh item on the agenda of the session;

    Considering that the Preamble to the Constitution of the International Labour Organisation declares “recognition of the principle of freedom of association” to be a means of improving conditions of labour and of establishing peace;

    Considering that the Declaration of Philadelphia reaffirms that “freedom of expression and of association are essential to sustained progress”;

    Considering that the International Labour Conference, at its Thirtieth Session, unanimously adopted the principles which should form the basis for international regulation;

    Considering that the General Assembly of the United Nations, at its Second Session, endorsed these principles and requested the International Labour Organisation to continue every effort in order that it may be possible to adopt one or several international Conventions;

    adopts this ninth day of July of the year one thousand nine hundred and forty-eight the following Convention, which may be cited as the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948:

    PART I. FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION

    Article 1

    Each Member of the International Labour Organisation for which this Convention is in force undertakes to give effect to the following provisions.

    Article 2

    Workers and employers, without distinction whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the rules of the organisation concerned, to join organisations of their own choosing without previous authorisation.

    Article 3

  • Workers’ and employers’ organisations shall have the right to draw up their constitutions and rules, to elect their representatives in full freedom, to organise their administration and activities and to formulate their programmes.

  • The public authorities shall refrain from any interference which would restrict this right or impede the lawful exercise thereof.

  • 80 - Protocol No. 7 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1984 (Seventh Protocol)

  • from Part IX - Council of Europe Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 657-659

  • Summary

    Note: Protocol No. 7 to the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Adopted Strasbourg, 22 November 1984. ETS No. 117. Entry into force: 1 November 1988.

    The Member States of the Council of Europe, signatory hereto,

    Being resolved to take further steps to ensure the collective enforcement of certain rights and freedoms by means of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms signed at Rome on 4 November 1950 (hereinafter referred to as “the Convention”),

    Have agreed as follows:

    Article 1 Procedural safeguards relating to expulsion of aliens

    1. An alien lawfully resident in the territory of a State shall not be expelled therefrom except in pursuance of a decision reached in accordance with law and shall be allowed:

  • (a) to submit reasons against his expulsion,

  • (b) to have his case reviewed, and

  • (c) to be represented for these purposes before the competent authority or a person or persons designated by that authority.

    • 2. An alien may be expelled before the exercise of his rights under paragraph 1(a), (b) and (c) of this Article, when such expulsion is necessary in the interests of public order or is grounded on reasons of national security.

    Article 2 Right of appeal in criminal matters

  • Everyone convicted of a criminal offence by a tribunal shall have the right to have his conviction or sentence reviewed by a higher tribunal. The exercise of this right, including the grounds on which it may be exercised, shall be governed by law.

  • This right may be subject to exceptions in regard to offences of a minor character, as prescribed by law, or in cases in which the person concerned was tried in the first instance by the highest tribunal or was convicted following an appeal against acquittal.

  • 99 - Covenant on the Rights of the Child in Islam, 2004

  • from Part XI - Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Arab and Islamic States
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 798-806

  • Summary

    Note: The Covenant was finalised in 2004 (see OIC/9-IGGE/HRI/2004/Rep.Final) and was formally adopted at the 32nd Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers, Sana'a, Yemen, 28–30 June 2005 under the auspices of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. Not yet in force. The English language text reproduced is the official version provided by the OIC.

    The States Parties to this Covenant,

    Believing that the values and principles constitute the patterns of behavior of Muslim society in such a way as to realize security, stability, development and progress for the society within the family environment, which is the cornerstone of the social edifice,

    Proceeding from Islamic efforts on issues of childhood, which contributed to the development of the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child,

    Cognizant of the objectives of the Organization of the Islamic Conference enshrined in its Charter and its Summit and Ministerial Conferences resolutions and of international conventions signed by its Member States;

    Affirming the principles contained in the Dhaka Declaration on Human Rights in Islam adopted by the 14th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers in December 1983 and the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam adopted by the 14th ICFM under resolution No. 49/19-P (1990) and in the Declaration on the Rights and Care of the Child in Islam adopted by the Seventh Islamic Summit Conference under resolution No. 16/7-C (1994),

    Affirming the civilisational and historic role of the Islamic Ummah and in contributing to the international efforts on human rights,

    Believing that basic rights and public freedoms in Islam are an integral part thereof that no one has a prerogative to interrupt, violate, or disregard;

    Aware of the enormous responsibility towards the Child in particular as the vanguard and maker of the future of the Ummah;

    Seeking to enhance Islamic performance in the Child sector so as to adapt frameworks and mechanisms to face the ever-accelerating changes and transformations and their repercussions on that sector;

  • 35 - United Nations Millennium Declaration, 2000

  • from Part II - Declarations, Standard Setting and other Relevant Documents Adopted under the Auspices of the United Nations Relating Directly to Human Rights Issues
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 295-302

  • Summary

    Note: The Declaration was adopted by General Assembly Resolution A/55/L.2 on 8 September 2000.

    The General Assembly

    Adopts the following Declaration:

    UNITED NATIONS MILLENNIUM DECLARATION

    I. Values and principles

  • We, heads of State and Government, have gathered at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 6 to 8 September 2000, at the dawn of a new millennium, to reaffirm our faith in the Organization and its Charter as indispensable foundations of a more peaceful, prosperous and just world.

  • We recognize that, in addition to our separate responsibilities to our individual societies, we have a collective responsibility to uphold the principles of human dignity, equality and equity at the global level. As leaders we have a duty therefore to all the world's people, especially the most vulnerable and, in particular, the children of the world, to whom the future belongs.

  • We reaffirm our commitment to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, which have proved timeless and universal. Indeed, their relevance and capacity to inspire have increased, as nations and peoples have become increasingly interconnected and interdependent.

  • We are determined to establish a just and lasting peace all over the world in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter. We rededicate ourselves to support all efforts to uphold the sovereign equality of all States, respect for their territorial integrity and political independence, resolution of disputes by peaceful means and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, the right to self-determination of peoples which remain under colonial domination and foreign occupation, non-interference in the internal affairs of States, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, respect for the equal rights of all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion and international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character.

  • We believe that the central challenge we face today is to ensure that globalization becomes a positive force for all the world's people. For while globalization offers great opportunities, at present its benefits are very unevenly shared, while its costs are unevenly distributed. We recognize that developing countries and countries with economies in transition face special difficulties in responding to this central challenge.

  • 5 - Representing the Augustan Principate (31 BC–AD 14)

  • Clare Rowan, University of Warwick
  • Book:
    From Caesar to Augustus (c. 49 BC–AD 14)
    Published online:
    03 October 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 117-169

  • Summary

    An analysis of coinage of the principate. The divine nature of the ideology used by Octavian before and after Actium is demonstrated. This is followed by a shift to more sobre imagery, in which Octavian is presented as the 'first man' (princeps) among the Senate, and as restorer of the Republic. The accumulation of the honours provided to Augustus by the senate and people of Rome is explored. Augustus' building programme also receives a discrete subsection. The role of coins in the saecular games of 17 BC is detailed. Close analysis of the coins struck outside of Rome highlight the problem of distinguishing between imperial and provincial coinage in this period, and demonstrate how provincials actively interacted with and enhanced Augustan messages. The role of coinage in communicating the problem of succession is demonstrated. The chapter ends with an exploration of how Augustus' image continues to have a presence in the reign of Tiberius.

  • 88 - Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter Providing for a System of Collective Complaints, 1995

  • from Part IX - Council of Europe Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 694-697

  • Summary

    Note: Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter Providing for a System of Collective Complaints, adopted Strasbourg, 9 November 1995. ETS No. 158. Entry into force: 1 July 1998.

    PREAMBLE

    The member States of the Council of Europe, signatories to this Protocol to the European Social Charter, opened for signature in Turin on 18 October 1961 (hereinafter referred to as “the Charter”),

    Resolved to take new measures to improve the effective enforcement of the social rights guaranteed by the Charter;

    Considering that this aim could be achieved in particular by the establishment of a collective complaints procedure, which, inter alia, would strengthen the participation of management and labour and of non-governmental organisations,

    Have agreed as follows:

    Article 1

    The Contracting Parties to this Protocol recognise the right of the following organisations to submit complaints alleging unsatisfactory application of the Charter:

  • a international organisations of employers and trade unions referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 27 of the Charter;

  • b other international non-governmental organisations which have consultative status with the Council of Europe and have been put on a list established for this purpose by the Governmental Committee;

  • c representative national organisations of employers and trade unions within the jurisdiction of the Contracting Party against which they have lodged a complaint.

    • Article 2

  • Any Contracting State may also, when it expresses its consent to be bound by this Protocol, in accordance with the provisions of Article 13, or at any moment thereafter, declare that it recognises the right of any other representative national non-governmental organisation within its jurisdiction which has particular competence in the matters governed by the Charter, to lodge complaints against it.

  • Such declarations may be made for a specific period.

  • The declarations shall be deposited with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe who shall transmit copies thereof to the Contracting Parties and publish them.

    • Article 3

    The international non-governmental organisations and the national non-governmental organisations referred to in Article 1.b and Article 2 respectively may submit complaints in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the aforesaid provisions only in respect of those matters regarding which they have been recognised as having particular competence.

  • 21 - Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, 2000

  • from Part I - Treaties and Associated Documents Adopted under the Auspices of or Relating to the League of Nations and United Nations
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 162-168

  • Summary

    Note: Adopted by General Assembly Resolution A/RES/54/263 of 25 May 2000, 2171 UNTS 227. Entry into force: 18 January 2002.

    The States Parties to the present Protocol,

    Considering that, in order further to achieve the purposes of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the implementation of its provisions, especially articles 1, 11, 21, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36, it would be appropriate to extend the measures that States Parties should undertake in order to guarantee the protection of the child from the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography,

    Considering also that the Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development,

    Gravely concerned at the significant and increasing international traffic in children for the purpose of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography,

    Deeply concerned at the widespread and continuing practice of sex tourism, to which children are especially vulnerable, as it directly promotes the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography,

    Recognizing that a number of particularly vulnerable groups, including girl children, are at greater risk of sexual exploitation and that girl children are disproportionately represented among the sexually exploited,

    Concerned about the growing availability of child pornography on the Internet and other evolving technologies, and recalling the International Conference on Combating Child Pornography on the Internet, held in Vienna in 1999, in particular its conclusion calling for the worldwide criminalization of the production, distribution, exportation, transmission, importation, intentional possession and advertising of child pornography, and stressing the importance of closer cooperation and partnership between Governments and the Internet industry,

    Believing that the elimination of the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography will be facilitated by adopting a holistic approach, addressing the contributing factors, including underdevelopment, poverty, economic disparities, inequitable socio-economic structure, dysfunctioning families, lack of education, urban-rural migration, gender discrimination, irresponsible adult sexual behaviour, harmful traditional practices, armed conflicts and trafficking in children,

  • 86 - Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter, 1988

  • from Part IX - Council of Europe Documents
  • Edited by Urfan Khaliq, Cardiff University
  • Book:
    International Human Rights Law Documents
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    25 October 2018, pp 685-689

  • Summary

    Note: Additional Protocol to the European Social Charter. Adopted Strasbourg, 5 May 1988. ETS No. 128. Entry into force: 4 September 1992.

    PREAMBLE

    The member States of the Council of Europe signatory hereto,

    Resolved to take new measures to extend the protection of the social and economic rights guaranteed by the European Social Charter, opened for signature in Turin on 18 October 1961 (hereinafter referred to as “the Charter”),

    Have agreed as follows:

    PART I

    The Parties accept as the aim of their policy to be pursued by all appropriate means, both national and international in character, the attainment of conditions in which the following rights and principles may be effectively realised:

  • All workers have the right to equal opportunities and equal treatment in matters of employment and occupation without discrimination on the grounds of sex.

  • Workers have the right to be informed and to be consulted within the undertaking.

  • Workers have the right to take part in the determination and improvement of the working conditions and working environment in the undertaking.

  • Every elderly person has the right to social protection.

    • PART II

    The Parties undertake, as provided for in Part III, to consider themselves bound by the obligations laid down in the following articles:

    Article 1 – Right to equal opportunities and equal treatment in matters of employment and occupation without discrimination on the grounds of sex

    1. With a view to ensuring the effective exercise of the right to equal opportunities and equal treatment in matters of employment and occupation without discrimination on the grounds of sex, the Parties undertake to recognise that right and to take appropriate measures to ensure or promote its application in the following fields:

  • – access to employment, protection against dismissal and occupational resettlement;

  • – vocational guidance, training, retraining and rehabilitation;

  • – terms of employment and working conditions including remuneration;

  • – career development including promotion.

    • 2. Provisions concerning the protection of women, particularly as regards pregnancy, confinement and the post-natal period, shall not be deemed to be discrimination as referred to in paragraph 1 of this article.

    3. Paragraph 1 of this article shall not prevent the adoption of specific measures aimed at removing de facto inequalities.

Page 1125 of 1926