This chapter explores Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community-controlled health services (ACCHOS) and looks at the important role they play in improving health outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. It is difficult to understand the Aboriginal community-controlled health sector of today without considering how the sector developed. This chapter therefore outlines the conception and establishment of the services and the political realities facing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people at the time of their commencement. This chapter is organised around a case study of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Service in Brisbane, which celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2023. To complement the case study, the chapter includes an overview of the governance structures of the community-controlled sector, as this is an area that can be difficult for health professionals to understand. The scenarios, case studies and reflective questions focus on experiences that nurses and midwives might have working in an Aboriginal community-controlled health service.

This chapter examines the United Nations system, its purposes and principles in the light of the UN Charter. The organs of the UN are analysed, covering the role and composition of the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the UN Secretariat. The UN’s judicial organ, the International Court of Justice, was examined in the previous chapter. The functions of the UN and its organs with regard to the peaceful settlement of disputes are considered, including the various peacekeeping missions. This is followed by an examination of the collective security system by the Security Council and General Assembly, including a consideration of measures not involving the use of force, such as the imposition of sanctions, and measures involving the use of force under Chapter VII of the Charter. The doctrine of responsibility to protect and humanitarian intervention by the UN is examined, followed by a look at practice concerning the various UN operations involving the use of force in non-enforcement situations. The chapter then examines the relationship between the UN and regional arrangements and agencies.

Prior to colonisation, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples thrived on the continent now known as Australia. However, long-term health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney disease and respiratory illnesses are disproportionately prevalent in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities due to systemic inequities, intergenerational trauma and barriers to healthcare access. This chapter examines the prevalence and impact of long-term health conditions among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, the determinants that shape health outcomes and the importance of self-management in long-term health conditions. Also underscored is the need for healthcare systems to prioritise Indigenous-led solutions, community empowerment and a strengths-based approach to improving long-term health condition outcomes among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

This chapter examines the concept of recognition. It discusses the recognition of states in the light of the competing constitutive and declaratory theories and the differing views taken by states, together with the consequences of non-recognition internationally. This is followed by a reference to the recognition of governments in the light of doctrine and practice. Various kinds of recognition from de jure and de facto to premature, implied and collective recognition are noted as well as the withdrawal of recognition. The concept of non-recognition is referenced. The chapter then turns to the legal effects of recognition, both internationally and internally, including the relevance of state immunity and standing. UK practice is examined in the light of extensive case law. The chapter turns to US practice concerning the legal effects of recognition or non-recognition.

Indigenous Australians have thrived on the continent of Australia for at least 65,000 years. This history demonstrates a relationality to which few cultures maintain or link their cultural practices. For Indigenous Australians, everything is connected. No individual person exists in isolation.The invasion and colonisation of Australia had a colossal impact on the Australian continent. The land has been transformed and damaged in the name of profit, progress and nation-building. Successive governments have supported an extraction-based economy that focuses on stripping resources from the land and ignoring Indigenous Australians’ knowledge about how to care for Country. Despite this, Indigenous Australians continue to hold intricate, sacred and nuanced knowledges of Country and respect the way Country has nurtured and supported our ways of knowing, being and doing for millennia.

Inertial Effects for a Rigid Body. The primary focus is description of the angular momentum of a rigid body, and the laws and associated rotational equations of motion that relate this quantity to the forces that are exerted. The opening treatment of a system of particles leads to identification of the basic laws. The first example explains why a moment is required to change the orientation of a rotation axis. These concepts are extended to general rigid bodies and naturally lead to definitions for moments of inertia and products of inertia, followed by a discussion of the physical significance of these properties. Systems that execute a variety of rotations are the subject of examples, in which physical explanations are provided for the analytical results. The chapter closes with treatment of rigid bodies moving freely. Axisymmetric bodies, such as a projectile in flight, are treated first. The following treatment discusses asymmetric bodies, such as a block. The “tennis racket” theorem is derived. The chapter ends with application of computational tools, both mathematical and graphical, that provide a description of the overall rotation of asymmetric bodies.

Research is important in the creation of new knowledge or as a way of understanding phenomena. This chapter primarily concerns quantitative research. The chapter begins with a discussion about quantitative research and Indigenous peoples in context to provide an overview of the vexed discussion of methodological approaches advocated in Indigenous research. This is followed by an overview of Indigenous quantitative research in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander context, including what is defined as research and the key differences between research methodology and methods. The authors then introduce concepts of Indigenous quantitative research practices and include a case study on the Yawuru wellbeing framework to illuminate how methodology affects research and therefore understanding. The final section describes participatory action research as an appropriate methodology when conducting research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia, and looks at how appropriate quantitative methods can contribute to new knowledge and understanding through the case study of an Aboriginal Ranger in Central Australia.

This chapter discusses the challenges that face Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and their families in urban and regional maternity settings. It is written from the framework of cultural safety in midwifery care (discussed in Chapter 2). Giving birth is a significant, intimate, personal and life-changing experience – for all women, across all cultures. It is also a topic of great debate among Indigenous and non-Indigenous health professionals, Elders, communities, women and their families. The debates centre on issues that are particularly relevant to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, such as accepted birthing and midwifery practices, where women choose to give birth (and whether they are able to choose the location) and whether they have the right to practise cultural and spiritual beliefs about women’s business. To explore these issues, this chapter provides an historical perspective on birthing and midwifery practices among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. It then explores some contemporary issues and discusses some of the author’s own midwifery experiences.

This chapter introduces the reader to the basic structure and history of the international legal system, including the relationship between law and politics and the nature of the international legal order. It is intended to put the reader in a position to understand the role played by international law within the system of international relations. The historical development of international law from its early origins in, for example, the ancient Middle East, through Roman law and the concept of the jus gentium (law of peoples), and the Renaissance to the founders of modern international law, such as Vittoria and Grotius, and onto the nineteenth century and later is surveyed. The chapter refers to the concepts of positivism and naturalism and looks at communist theories of international law in Russia and China. The chapter concludes with a brief survey of the role and position of Developing Countries (Third World; Global South).

This chapter concerns state succession, the process by which a state may succeed to the treaties, assets, debts and responsibilities of a predecessor state. The relationship between continuity and succession of states is not always easy to determine, as some states may be deemed to be continuations of the earlier state in a slightly different form rather than a totally new state. Examples covered here include Russia, Yugoslavia and Germany. The question of succession to treaties is then considered with an examination of the different kinds of treaties, such as multilateral treaties, bilateral treaties, human rights treaties and territorial treaties. The various effects upon such treaties of how the succession is characterised, from absorption and merger to cession of part of a state to another, to the creation of a new state, are examined. The chapter then turns to other branches of succession, from succession to membership of international organisations to succession to assets, including archives, and debts and succession to private rights, nationality and responsibility.

This chapter concerns international organisations, from their inception to their rise. Regional organisations are described in Europe, Central and South America, Arabia, Africa and South East Asia. This is followed by an examination of some legal aspects of international organisations, such as their definition, and the question of legal personality. A discussion of the constituent instruments of such organisations is noted before the question of their powers is examined. The applicable law of such organisations is described, followed by an analysis of the responsibility of international organisations. The liability of member states of international organisations is considered, as is the accountability of the organisations. This is followed by a consideration of the privileges and immunities of international organisations. The chapter concludes with a look at the questions of withdrawal from such organisations, the dissolution of international organisations and the succession of international organisations.

This chapter explores the health and wellbeing of Elders and older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and the factors that are important to consider in their care, including chronic conditions, a shorter lifespan and culturally safe and appropriate aged care. Older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and their families make conscious decisions around care, and the role of the nurse is to support individuals and their families in making informed decisions. Reasons are presented for why some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people may be viewed by various health professionals as non-compliant or disengaging from the health system and their ongoing care, including palliative care, when in fact they are making conscious choices that can be culturally defined and seen as a cultural determinant of health.