The quality of our health is largely determined by foetal development in pregnancy and the experiences and environments to which we are exposed in infancy and childhood. These factors shape and contribute to lifelong health effects that occur into adult life. While there is little documentation about the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children prior to the invasion, and it is conflicted, it is known that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children were few and precious and their holistic health needs were met within their strong and extended family structures. Child mortality and morbidity were accepted parts of life in pre-invasion times; this is reflected in traditional birthing practices and women’s business. Traditionally, our children learnt culture, food-gathering, ceremony, kinship relationships, law, gender-specific work and other important values and structures throughout childhood. Post-invasion, the introduction of disease, the impacts of loss of traditional food sources due to dispossession of lands and the fracturing and removal of traditional family and community structures fuelled the increased rates of Indigenous mortality and morbidity evidenced today.

Relative Motion. This chapter develops tools for describing the motion of a point in three dimensions. The concept of a rotation matrix is covered in detail, including how to use transformation matrices to describe the result of a sequence of rotations about body-fixed and/or space-fixed axes. These concepts are used to describe angular velocity and acceleration. The primary tool is a mathematical procedure, accompanied by a sequence of steps to implement it. A parallel approach based on graphical depiction of vectors provides physical insight and the ability to verify results derived by the formal procedure. The last section treats motion that is viewed from a moving reference frame, with emphasis on what an Earth-based observer sees. These concepts are used to understand the flow of fluid particles in a hurricane, as well as how the motion of a Foucault pendulum is influenced by the rotation of the Earth.

Research is vital to the health professions. It has the potential to inform and change health policy and practice and, through that change, to improve Indigenous health outcomes. However, while research is vitally important, it is not values neutral. Historically, much research has been conducted on rather than with Indigenous communities. Typically, research has been carried out by non-Indigenous researchers who want to find out about Indigenous peoples and their cultures. Research has traditionally been designed to suit the agenda and interests of the non-Indigenous people conducting research. The research of the past was often conducted in ways that did not address Indigenous defined priorities or benefit Indigenous communities in any way. In many cases, the research brought no benefit to the peoples being studied or was harmful and destructive for communities.

This chapter focuses on the law relating to sovereign territory. The concepts of territory and of territorial sovereignty are examined. The manner in which additional territory may be acquired is analysed. Mechanisms such as boundary treaties and boundary awards are noted, and then the methods of acquisition are discussed. These include an analysis of discovery, accretion, cession, the former use of force and conquest, and the exercise of effective control, including occupation of terra nullius and prescription. The impact of the concepts of the critical date and intertemporal law is noted. Attention then turns to the role of subsequent conduct, such as recognition, acquiescence and estoppel. The principles of territorial integrity and of self-determination in this context are then discussed, together with the doctrine of uti possidetis, both as to the colonial context and more generally. The role of subsequent practice is noted and the importance of sovereign effective control in the circumstances (‘effectivités’). The chapter continues by noting the relevance of leases and servitudes, then turns to international boundary rivers, and then the polar regions. The chapter concludes with a section on the law of outer space.

This chapter concerns the law of the sea, tracing its historical development. The various parts of the seas are discussed, commencing with internal waters and the territorial sea and proceeding through the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf. The extent of these zones and the identification of the relevant baselines are analysed, together with the notions of bays and islands, archipelagic states and the juridical nature of the respective zones. The rights of innocent passage and transit passage are discussed, followed by an examination of international straits. The important question of maritime delimitation of the various zones as between adjacent or opposite states is then examined, and the relevant principles as revealed in case law are analysed, including the situation as to delimitation beyond the 200-mile zones. The chapter then deals with the legal regime over the high seas, with jurisdictional issues being noted with the principle of flag state exclusivity and the exceptions thereto. The legal position as to the international seabed is then discussed with the International Seabed Authority and its organs are noted. The chapter concludes with an examination of dispute settlement mechanisms, especially the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea.

This chapter concerns state responsibility. Responsibility is based upon the existence of an international legal obligation in force between the states in question and a violation of that obligation imputable to the state responsible, with consequential loss or damage. The nature of the fault is discussed, as are issues as to the identity of offending persons or organs, as well as the existence of direction or control by the state. A variety of circumstances may preclude wrongfulness and thus responsibility. For example, consent or the existence of a lawful act causing the damage, such as the exercise of self-defence, or where the act constitutes a lawful countermeasure where the other state has committed a prior unlawful act. Force majeure constitutes a further example. The consequences of internationally wrongful acts include cessation or reparation. The question of serious breaches of peremptory norms (jus cogens) is also noted and the nationality of claims is analysed. The need for exhaustion of local remedies is discussed, as is the treatment of aliens and foreign property in this context.

This chapter concerns international environmental law. It commences with a consideration of an argued human right to a clean environment and the increasing case law on this issue. The relationship between economic development and environmental protection is also addressed, before the key question of state responsibility is surveyed. The appropriate standard, whether or not actual damage is caused, the question of transboundary harm arising from hazardous activities, environmental impact assessments, the precautionary and polluter-pays principles are examined before turning to the range of international treaties on this topic. The question of atmospheric pollution is addressed before the chapter turns to a consideration of climate change and the various international instruments concerning this, including the important Paris Agreement of 2015. Environmental issues and outer space are then discussed, followed by a section on international watercourses and one on ultra-hazardous activities. Questions as to the requirements for the provision of information and assistance are covered.

Remote area nursing is a unique and challenging role, characterised by geographical, social and professional isolation. Remote area nurses (RANs) are generalist specialist nurses who predominantly work in remote Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander communities but can also be found working in communities established around activities such as mining, agriculture, fishing, tourism and refugee detention facilities. They coordinate and deliver a diverse range of healthcare services in remote and extreme environments with limited resources. This chapter reflects on the authors’ practice and experience of working as RANs. It explores the scope of RAN practice and discusses complexities such as cultural obligation, cultural safety, burden of disease and isolation when working in a remote Indigenous community. It reflects on our experiences in different remote nursing roles and jurisdictions.

This chapter aims to educate the reader about providing nursing care for First Nations people so it promotes culturally safe social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB). The term ‘social and emotional wellbeing’ is used instead of the dominant health culture terminology ‘mental health’. We are not attempting to be controversial in doing so; rather, we are adopting a First Nations standpoint to help us understand and discuss mental health and mental illness in a relevant context for First Nations people. We also suggest that it is not a case of simply treating mental health as an alternative terminology; instead, it is necessary to understand social and emotional wellbeing as a phenomenon that is particular to First Nations people, and then to explore mental health from that perspective. The standpoint we use is important because, from a theoretical perspective, it helps us understand how we interpret the social and emotional health, and the mental health, of people generally.

This chapter examines the role of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health worker (ATSIHW) and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health practitioner (ATSIHP), and discusses their relationships with nurses and midwives. It introduces the IHW and IHP roles because an understanding of them is important for nurses and midwives in order to optimise interprofessional practice with these practitioners. The chapter also discusses the application of nursing and midwifery professional standards to the interprofessional relationships between nurses, midwives, IHWs and IHPs.

This chapter reviews the expanding legal scope of the subject, noting the universalisation of international law beyond its European roots and the development of international human rights law and international criminal law, as well as the rise of international organisations. Modern theories and interpretations are examined, ranging from the natural law/positive law debates, referring to Kelsen and Hart in particular, to more contemporary approaches, such as power politics and balance of power, behaviouralism and the policy-oriented school including the views of McDougal and Franck, with the latter’s focus on legitimacy, and on to the critical legal studies movement, noting the important work of Koskenniemi, particularly emphasising the relationship between law and society. These various theories and approaches illustrate and reveal the political, ethical and social aspects of international law. The chapter then turns to discuss the problem of the fragmentation of international law, with the rise of special treaty regimes and particular rules, and how the system may deal with this phenomenon.

Particle motion. The development derives expressions for velocity and acceleration in terms of rectangular coordinates, followed by polar and spherical coordinate systems. A novel derivation of formulas for general curvilinear coordinates is provided in an online supplement. The focus then shifts to situations in which the path of a particle is known. This calls for the use of path variables, also known as tangent-normal components. Formulas are derived for paths that are twisted in three dimension, such as a rollercoaster. The closing topic is the method of mixed kinematical descriptions, which addresses situations in which aspects from two different descriptions are used to facilitate solutions of challenging problems.

This chapter deals with individual criminal responsibility rather than state responsibility. A range of international criminal courts and tribunals are examined, from the Nuremberg Tribunal following the Second World War to the more recent International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals, which deals with matters remaining after the demise of these tribunals. The International Criminal Court is discussed in some detail and in terms of governing principles and organisation, with references to relevant case law. A number of hybrid courts and other internationalised domestic courts and tribunals are then referred to, including those concerning Sierra Leone, Cambodia, Kosovo, East Timor and Bosnia. The chapter proceeds to examine a series of international crimes, from genocide to war crimes, crimes against humanity and aggression. These crimes are analysed and discussed in the light of practice and case law, both in terms of definition and implementation.

Newton Euler Dynamics. A general procedure for formulation of the Newton-Euler equations of motion for rigid bodies and systems of rigid bodies. These advanced techniques are used, for example, to explain the interaction of a bicycle and its rider, including the gyroscopic effects caused by the inertia of the spinning wheels. Numerous examples address the various ways in which engineering systems move. The principles of work-energy, linear momentum, and angular impulse-momentum principles for bodies in spatial motion are developed and various examples are presented. An interesting example uses the properties of free motion to show how the rotation of an (American) football changes when it is suddenly deflected during the course of its flight. The closing section covers variable mass systems. The general principles are applied to determine the position versus time of a steerable full-scale rocket, as it is affected by variable mass, air resistance, and variation of the gravitational field.

Historically, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and men held defined gendered realities. Within each clan group and across Indigenous nations, the common ties of culture held people together, but gendered realities defined the specific roles of women and men. Women’s business defined the knowledge and activities shared among women – for example, birthing practices – which would not be shared with men. In turn, men’s business defined the knowledge and activities that were shared among men and kept separate from women. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men and women had processes for mediating and negotiating their shared responsibilities. Their communication was defined by their gendered realities and occurred within the cisgendered cultural boundaries that were accepted by the group. Men and women held distinct, defined roles that were of vital importance to the balance of community. Even today, some Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and communities maintain the separation of women’s business and men’s business.