Giant left atrium is extremely rare in the paediatric population, especially in asymptomatic cases. We report a 5-year-old child with a giant left atrium due to “non-rheumatic” mitral valve regurgitation that presented as a stroke secondary to atrial tachycardia. This case is noteworthy for the unusual “silent” manifestation of a giant left atrium.

Since 1994, the Andalusian Institute of Geophysics of the University of Granada group has been monitoring the seismic activity of Deception Island volcano (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) during summer surveys. In this review, we analyse long-period and volcanic-tectonic events, including tremor episodes, recorded from 2011–2012 to 2021–2022 surveys with a local network and a seismic array. The seismo-volcanic activity on Deception Island occurs very locally, mainly as a result of tectonic destabilization induced by volcanic activity along with regional stresses, as a consequence of rifting and subduction processes spanning the South Shetland Islands, Bransfield Strait and Antarctica Peninsula. During this period, two changes to the volcanic alert level due to different volcanic parameters can be highlighted. The first of them was caused by the 2014–2015 seismic swarm as a consequence of a great regional perturbation located to the north-east of Deception Island, which spread around to the entire volcano. The second one, in the 2019–2020 survey, was established as a result of a significant increase in deformation parameters as a prelude of the August 2020 massive earthquake swarm that occurred in the Bransfield Strait, near the Orca submarine volcano. Furthermore, in the previous 2018–2019 survey, a peak of seismic activity was also recorded.

Approximately three million Venezuelan migrants (VMs) currently reside in Colombia. Many are in need of mental health services but face significant difficulties accessing services. To improve service access and engagement, we culturally adapted and pilot tested an evidence-based mental health intervention integrated within entrepreneurship training in a community setting for VM youth in Colombia. Using participatory research and qualitative methods approaches, we explored the program’s acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility. We recruited and enrolled 67 VM youth (aged 18–30) living in Bogotá, Colombia, who participated in piloting the intervention. We conducted semi-structured interviews with a subset of these participants (n = 16) at post-intervention to explore the intervention’s acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility. Two bilingual research assistants analyzed qualitative data using thematic network analysis. Findings suggested that VM youth viewed the integrated intervention as acceptable and appropriate, noting that it was helpful to have a “safe space” to discuss difficult emotions. They also noted challenges to engaging in the intervention, including transportation time and balancing other life responsibilities with intervention participation. Findings point to the importance of engaging community member participants in the adaptation and testing process of mental health interventions to increase intervention fit with the target population.

Argumentation is often conceived as a rational response to disagreement, even when it does not resolve differences of opinion. Arguing in the face of disagreement has, however, distinctive epistemic effects. Sometimes argumentation achieves convergence of opinion or at least the mutual recognition that a more thorough inquiry is required. But facing disagreement, participants of argumentative exchanges quite often remain steadfast in their initial views or even radicalize them. Can we make sense of these latter situations? To account for their occurrence, it is common to point out that people’s ability to argue is flawed, that an “argumentative culture” is lacking, and that emotional and other non-rational factors often interfere in confrontative situations. But these suggestions do not amount to a thorough satisfactory explanation. In this paper, I provide the outline of a purely epistemic account of these peculiar effects of argumentation in the face of disagreement. I argue that probabilistic models of degrees of confidence (or “credences”) can shed light on the conditions that give rise to several of these effects. This could provide some guidance on how to avoid them.

The GLEAM 4-Jy (G4Jy) Sample is a thorough compilation of the ‘brightest’ radio sources in the southern sky (Declination $ \lt 30^{\circ}$), as measured at 151 MHz ($S_{\mathrm{151\,MHz}} \gt 4.0$ Jy) with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), through the GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky MWA (GLEAM) Survey. In addition to flux-density measurements, the G4Jy catalogue (https://github.com/svw26/G4Jy.) provides host-galaxy identifications (through careful visual-inspection) and four sets of spectral indices. Despite their brightness in the radio, many of these sources are poorly studied, with the vast majority lacking a spectroscopic redshift in published work. This is crucial for studying the intrinsic properties of the sources, and so we conduct a multi-semester observing campaign on the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), with optical spectroscopy enabling us to provide new redshifts to the astronomical community. Initial results show that not all of the host galaxies exhibit emission-line spectra in the optical ($\sim$4 500–7 500Å), which illustrates the importance of radio-frequency selection (rather than optical selection) for creating an unbiased sample of active galactic nuclei. By combining SALT redshifts with those from the 6-degree Field Galaxy Survey (6dFGS) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we calculate radio luminosities and linear sizes for 299 G4Jy sources (which includes one newly-discovered giant radio-galaxy, G4Jy 604). Furthermore, with the highest redshift acquired (so far) being $z \sim 2.2$ from SDSS, we look forward to evolution studies of this complete sample, as well as breaking degeneracies in radio properties with respect to, for example, the galaxy environment.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heterogenous disorder with frequent diagnostic comorbidity. Research has deciphered this heterogeneity by identifying PTSD subtypes and their neural biomarkers. This review summarizes current approaches, symptom-based group-level and data-driven approaches, for generating PTSD subtypes, providing an overview of current PTSD subtypes and their neural correlates. Additionally, we systematically assessed studies to evaluate the influence of comorbidity on PTSD subtypes and the predictive utility of biotypes for treatment outcomes. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted to identify studies employing brain imaging techniques, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), structural MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and electroencephalogram (EEG), to identify biomarkers of PTSD subtypes. Study quality was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. We included 53 studies, with 44 studies using a symptom-based group-level approach, and nine studies using a data-driven approach. Findings suggest biomarkers across the default-mode network (DMN) and the salience network (SN) throughout multiple subtypes. However, only six studies considered comorbidity, and four studies tested the utility of biotypes in predicting treatment outcomes. These findings highlight the complexity of PTSD’s heterogeneity. Although symptom-based and data-driven methods have advanced our understanding of PTSD subtypes, challenges remain in addressing the impact of comorbidities and the limited validation of biotypes. Future studies with larger sample sizes, brain-based data-driven approaches, careful account for comorbidity, and rigorous validation strategies are needed to advance biologically grounded biotypes across mental disorders.

Spirometra is a genus of zoonotic cestodes with an ambiguous species-level taxonomic history. Previously, Spirometra mansonoides was considered the only species present in North America. However, recent molecular data revealed the presence of at least three distinct species in the USA: Spirometra sp. 2 and 3, and Spirometra mansoni. This study aimed to elucidate the diversity and potential host associations of Spirometra species among companion animals in the USA. Samples (N = 302) were examined from at least 13 host species, including mammals, amphibians and reptiles. Sample types included eggs isolated from faeces (n = 222), adult specimens (n = 71) and plerocercoids (n = 9) from 18 different states and 2 territories across the USA. Extracted genomic DNA was subjected to PCR targeting a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. Generated sequences (n = 136) were included in a phylogenetic analysis. Spirometra mansoni was detected in domestic cats (n = 76), dogs (n = 12), a White’s tree frog (n = 1), a Cuban knight anole (n = 1), a green iguana (n = 1) and a serval (n = 1) across 15 states and Puerto Rico. Spirometra sp. 2 was found only in dogs (n = 3) from Florida and Spirometra sp. 3 was found only in cats (n = 41) from 17 states. All plerocercoid samples were consistent with S. mansoni. The results confirm that at least three distinct Spirometra species are present and established in companion animals, such as dogs and cats, and likely are using various native and exotic species as paratenic hosts within the USA.