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A key step toward understanding psychiatric disorders that disproportionately impact female mental health is delineating the emergence of sex-specific patterns of brain organisation at the critical transition from childhood to adolescence. Prior work suggests that individual differences in the spatial organisation of functional brain networks across the cortex are associated with psychopathology and differ systematically by sex.
Aims
We aimed to evaluate the impact of sex on the spatial organisation of person-specific functional brain networks.
Method
We leveraged person-specific atlases of functional brain networks, defined using non-negative matrix factorisation, in a sample of n = 6437 youths from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Across independent discovery and replication samples, we used generalised additive models to uncover associations between sex and the spatial layout (topography) of personalised functional networks (PFNs). We also trained support vector machines to classify participants’ sex from multivariate patterns of PFN topography.
Results
Sex differences in PFN topography were greatest in association networks including the frontoparietal, ventral attention and default mode networks. Machine learning models trained on participants’ PFNs were able to classify participant sex with high accuracy.
Conclusions
Sex differences in PFN topography are robust, and replicate across large-scale samples of youth. These results suggest a potential contributor to the female-biased risk in depressive and anxiety disorders that emerge at the transition from childhood to adolescence.
In today’s insurance market, numerous cyber insurance products provide bundled coverage for losses resulting from different cyber events, including data breaches and ransomware attacks. Every category of incident has its own specific coverage limit and deductible. Although this gives prospective cyber insurance buyers more flexibility in customizing the coverage and better manages the risk exposures of sellers, it complicates the decision-making process in determining the optimal amount of risks to retain and transfer for both parties. This article aims to build an economic foundation for these incident-specific cyber insurance products with a focus on how incident-specific indemnities should be designed for achieving Pareto optimality for both the insurance seller and the buyer. Real data on cyber incidents are used to illustrate the feasibility of this approach. Several implementation improvement methods for practicality are also discussed.
In this paper, we provide a theoretical framework justifying the existence of a correlation risk premium in a market with two traded assets. We prove that risk-neutral dependence can differ substantially from real-world dependence by characterizing the set of risk-neutral martingale measures. This implies that implied correlation can be significantly different with the realized correlation. Depending on the choice of the market regarding the pricing measure, implied correlation can be high or low. We label the difference between risk-neutral and real-world correlation the “correlation gap” and make the connection with correlation risk premium. We show how dispersion trading can be used to exploit this correlation gap and demonstrate how there can exist a negative correlation risk premium in the financial market.
This retrospective study aimed to establish a robust rating system for assessing post-operative outcomes in congenital aural atresia patients undergoing auricular reconstruction. The newly introduced EAR scale, a weighted grading system, not only considers anatomical landmarks but also factors such as ear alignment. In addition, the outer-ear cartilage scale and the visual analogue scale (VAS) were introduced. These scales were compared among themselves and against two established scales.
Methods
Nine raters assessed 17 eligible patients who underwent auricular reconstruction between 2001 and 2020.
Results
The study compared inter-rater agreement among scales, with the EAR scale proving the most reliable (Krippendorff's alpha coefficient, α = 0.45), outperforming existing measures. The outer-ear cartilage scale and the VAS exhibited lower inter-rater agreement, indicating inferiority in assessing aesthetic outcomes.
Conclusion
The EAR scale emerged as an effective tool for evaluating post-operative outcomes in congenital aural atresia auricular reconstruction.
In this paper, we introduce the 3-step hedge-based valuation for the valuation of hybrid claims. We consider an insurance portfolio which is exposed to traded risks, diversifiable risks and non-traded systematic risks. The class of 3-step hedge-based valuations is equivalent with the class of fair valuations. Closed-form solutions are derived for a portfolio of unit-linked contracts under the assumption of independence between financial and non-financial risks. We also consider the additive 3-step valuation and show that this additive valuation is a member of the more general class of 3-step hedge-based valuations.
We describe the association between job roles and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among healthcare personnel. A wide range of hazard ratios were observed across job roles. Medical assistants had higher hazard ratios than nurses, while attending physicians, food service workers, laboratory technicians, pharmacists, residents and fellows, and temporary workers had lower hazard ratios.
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