29 results
Do Physiological Variables Predict the Need for Transport to Hospital From Music Festivals? An Analysis of Australian Festival Data
- Ned Douglas, Jake Donovan, James Carew, Kayla Brouwer, Ebony Edwards, Mitchell Gibson, Jacqueline Leverett, Joseph Paul, Lachlan Holbery-Morgan, Jessica Pritchard, Elyssia Bourke, Erin Smith
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 17 / 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 March 2022, e105
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Objective:
Using physiological markers to detect patients at risk of deterioration is common. Deaths at music festivals in Australia prompted scrutiny of tools to identify critically unwell patients for transport to hospital. This study evaluated initial physiological parameters to identify patients selected for transport to hospital from a music festival.
Methods:A retrospective audit of 2045 presentations at music festivals in Victoria, Australia, was performed. Presentation heart rate, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, temperature, and Glasgow Coma Scale were assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) analysis, with a prespecified threshold of 0.7.
Results:The only measured variable to exceed the prespecified cutpoint was initial systolic blood pressure, with an AUROC of 0.72 and optimal cutpoint of 122 mmHg. Using commonly accepted cutpoints for variables did not improve detection performance to acceptable levels, nor did using combination systems of cutpoints.
Conclusions:Initial physiological variables are poor predictors of the decision to transport to hospital from music festivals. Systolic blood pressure was significant, but only at a clinically insignificant value. Decisions on which patients to transport from an event site should incorporate more information than initial physiology. Senior clinicians should lead decision-making about hospital transport from music festivals.
Scientific access into Mercer Subglacial Lake: scientific objectives, drilling operations and initial observations
- John C. Priscu, Jonas Kalin, John Winans, Timothy Campbell, Matthew R. Siegfried, Mark Skidmore, John E. Dore, Amy Leventer, David M. Harwood, Dennis Duling, Robert Zook, Justin Burnett, Dar Gibson, Edward Krula, Anatoly Mironov, Jim McManis, Graham Roberts, Brad E. Rosenheim, Brent C. Christner, Kathy Kasic, Helen A. Fricker, W. Berry Lyons, Joel Barker, Mark Bowling, Billy Collins, Christina Davis, Al Gagnon, Christopher Gardner, Chloe Gustafson, Ok-Sun Kim, Wei Li, Alex Michaud, Molly O. Patterson, Martyn Tranter, Ryan Venturelli, Trista Vick-Majors, Cooper Elsworth, The SALSA Science Team
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- Journal:
- Annals of Glaciology / Volume 62 / Issue 85-86 / September 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 June 2021, pp. 340-352
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The Subglacial Antarctic Lakes Scientific Access (SALSA) Project accessed Mercer Subglacial Lake using environmentally clean hot-water drilling to examine interactions among ice, water, sediment, rock, microbes and carbon reservoirs within the lake water column and underlying sediments. A ~0.4 m diameter borehole was melted through 1087 m of ice and maintained over ~10 days, allowing observation of ice properties and collection of water and sediment with various tools. Over this period, SALSA collected: 60 L of lake water and 10 L of deep borehole water; microbes >0.2 μm in diameter from in situ filtration of ~100 L of lake water; 10 multicores 0.32–0.49 m long; 1.0 and 1.76 m long gravity cores; three conductivity–temperature–depth profiles of borehole and lake water; five discrete depth current meter measurements in the lake and images of ice, the lake water–ice interface and lake sediments. Temperature and conductivity data showed the hydrodynamic character of water mixing between the borehole and lake after entry. Models simulating melting of the ~6 m thick basal accreted ice layer imply that debris fall-out through the ~15 m water column to the lake sediments from borehole melting had little effect on the stratigraphy of surficial sediment cores.
A distributed geospatial approach to describe community characteristics for multisite studies
- Patrick H. Ryan, Cole Brokamp, Jeff Blossom, Nathan Lothrop, Rachel L. Miller, Paloma I. Beamer, Cynthia M. Visness, Antonella Zanobetti, Howard Andrews, Leonard B. Bacharier, Tina Hartert, Christine C. Johnson, Dennis Ownby, Robert F. Lemanske, Heike Gibson, Weeberb Requia, Brent Coull, Edward M. Zoratti, Anne L. Wright, Fernando D. Martinez, Christine M. Seroogy, James E. Gern, Diane R. Gold
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 February 2021, e86
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Understanding place-based contributors to health requires geographically and culturally diverse study populations, but sharing location data is a significant challenge to multisite studies. Here, we describe a standardized and reproducible method to perform geospatial analyses for multisite studies. Using census tract-level information, we created software for geocoding and geospatial data linkage that was distributed to a consortium of birth cohorts located throughout the USA. Individual sites performed geospatial linkages and returned tract-level information for 8810 children to a central site for analyses. Our generalizable approach demonstrates the feasibility of geospatial analyses across study sites to promote collaborative translational research.
7 - Inequalities in Health and Wellbeing Across the Uk: A Local North-East Perspective
- Edited by Adrian Bonner, University of Stirling
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- Book:
- Local Authorities and the Social Determinants of Health
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 25 March 2021
- Print publication:
- 14 October 2020, pp 121-148
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Summary
A City by the Sea
Yes I come from a city by the Sea
And its shores and its water have become a part of me
And when I die it's where I want to be
In a grave in that city by the Sea
I was born, I was raised upon the tide
And the salt, and the sea, yeah, it warms me up inside
Upon the sand, there is no place to hide
From the view where the ocean meets the sky
Yes it's cold and it's hard where I come from
And you do what your dad did or you don't quite belong
Forget all that ‘cause we’ll do as we please
There is life in my city by the Sea
Martin Longstaff, 2012Introduction
Chapter 2 of this book, by the Association of Directors of Public Health, provides a review of the system changes of public health, moving from the National Health Service (NHS) back to management by local authorities. The authors of that chapter also point to the major concerns about the limited potential for delivery upstream of health prevention and promotion that was due to reductions in funding from central government to local authorities. The Association of Directors of Public Health has long championed taking a whole-system and long-term view about how we create, enable and sustain the health and wellbeing of everyone in society.
This chapter will identify the challenges facing the North-East from a population health perspective, and the implications for the area of the contemporary context of the reductions in funding that widen health inequalities and create challenges in the labour market. It will consider the potential benefits of building new approaches that address these challenges using community assets, place-based, targeted, collaborative approaches and are based heavily on community ownership, participation and voice.
The chapter will review the responses of local authorities (LAs) in the North-East to reduced central government funding, examine key issues such as supporting vulnerable groups (children/young people, older people, homeless, unemployed and so on), then highlight LA and community responses and innovation approaches to supporting people via health and wellbeing strategies.
Performance of First Aid Trained Staff using a Modified START Triage Tool at Achieving Appropriate Triage Compared to a Physiology-Based Triage Strategy at Australian Mass Gatherings
- Ned Douglas, Jacqueline Leverett, Joseph Paul, Mitchell Gibson, Jessica Pritchard, Kayla Brouwer, Ebony Edwards, James Carew, Jake Donovan, Elyssia Bourke, Erin Smith
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- Journal:
- Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 35 / Issue 2 / April 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 January 2020, pp. 184-188
- Print publication:
- April 2020
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Introduction:
Triage at mass gatherings in Australia is commonly performed by staff members with first aid training. There have been no evaluations of the performance of first aid staff with respect to diagnostic accuracy or identification of presentations requiring ambulance transport to hospital.
Hypothesis:It was hypothesized that triage decisions by first aid staff would be considered correct in at least 61% of presentations.
Methods:A retrospective audit of 1,048 presentations to a single supplier of event health care services in Australia was conducted. The presentations were assessed based on the first measured set of physiological parameters, and the primary triage decision was classified as “expected” if the primary and secondary triage classifications were the same or “not expected” if they differed. The performance of the two triage systems was compared using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) analysis.
Results:The expected decision was made by first aid staff in 674 (71%) of presentations. Under-triage occurred in 131 (14%) presentations and over-triage in 142 (15%) presentations. The primary triage strategy had an AUROC of 0.7644, while the secondary triage strategy had an AUROC of 0.6280, which was significantly different (P = .0199).
Conclusion:The results support the continued use of first aid trained staff members in triage roles at Australian mass gatherings. Triage tools should be simple, and the addition of physiological variables to improve the sensitivity of triage tools is not recommended because such an approach does not improve the discriminatory capacity of the tools.
Structural priming is most useful when the conclusions are statistically robust
- Kyle Mahowald, Ariel James, Richard Futrell, Edward Gibson
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- Journal:
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences / Volume 40 / 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 November 2017, e302
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Branigan & Pickering (B&P) claim that the success of structural priming as a method should “end the current reliance on acceptability judgments.” Structural priming is an interesting and useful phenomenon, but we are dubious that the effect is powerful enough to test many detailed claims about specific points of syntactic theory.
L2 processing as noisy channel language comprehension
- RICHARD FUTRELL, EDWARD GIBSON
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- Journal:
- Bilingualism: Language and Cognition / Volume 20 / Issue 4 / August 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 September 2016, pp. 683-684
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The thesis in this paper is that L2 speakers differ from L1 speakers in their ability to do memory storage and retrieval about linguistic structure. We would like to suggest it is possible to go farther than this thesis and develop a computational-level theory which explains why this mechanistic difference between L2 and L1 speakers exists. For this purpose, we believe a noisy channel model (Shannon, 1948; Levy, 2008; Levy, Bicknell, Slattery & Rayner, 2009; Gibson, Bergen & Piantadosi, 2013) could be a good start. Under the reasonable assumption that L2 speakers have a less precise probabilistic representation of the syntax of their L2 language than L1 speakers do, the noisy channel model straightforwardly predicts that L2 comprehenders will depend more on world knowledge and discourse factors when interpreting and recalling utterances (cf. Gibson, Sandberg, Fedorenko, Bergen & Kiran, 2015, for this assumption applied to language processing for persons with aphasia). Also, under the assumption that L2 speakers assume a higher error rate than L1 speakers do, the noisy channel model predicts that they will be more affected by alternative parses which are not directly compatible with the form of an utterance.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Bibliography
- Edward L. Gibson, Northwestern University, Illinois
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- Book:
- Boundary Control
- Published online:
- 05 January 2013
- Print publication:
- 07 January 2013, pp 173-182
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2 - Territorial Politics and Subnational Democratization
- Edward L. Gibson, Northwestern University, Illinois
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- Boundary Control
- Published online:
- 05 January 2013
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- 07 January 2013, pp 9-34
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Summary
All of my maps have been overthrown.
Jeff TweedyTo ordinary individuals the pains and trials of authoritarianism delivered by local authorities may be hard to distinguish from those delivered by national authorities. “National” versus “subnational” authoritarianism may be inconsequential distinctions to people experiencing the dreary poverty of rights of autocratic rule. Yet the territorial source of authoritarian rule is consequential – it is consequential for politics and it is consequential for theory. Political actors in struggles for local democratization face strategic and institutional challenges that are quite different from those faced by protagonists of national democratization struggles. Similarly, social scientists seeking to understand subnational authoritarianism's dynamics must address hierarchies and mechanisms that are unique to the internal territorial organization of countries.
A focus on subnational processes of authoritarianism and democratization demands not only a shift in the scale of observation but also a new set of theoretical lenses that help us see political dynamics invisible to those focusing on national units. Thus the study of subnational democratization should not be seen as a theoretical derivative of national democratization, wherein the main challenge lies in identifying which theories developed for the study of countries can be transferred to the study of provinces. It is a field with theoretical and empirical challenges that, although overlapping in many ways with its “parent” field, are unique to the subnational level of analysis. Subnational democratization is not democratization in short pants.
3 - Subnational Authoritarianism in the United States
- Edward L. Gibson, Northwestern University, Illinois
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- Boundary Control
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- 05 January 2013
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- 07 January 2013, pp 35-71
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Summary
On the fundamental issue, only the Federal Government was to be feared.
V. O. KeyTHE UNITED STATES AS A COMPARATIVE CASE
In the years following the Civil War of 1861–65, the United States experienced a “transition to democracy.” Sweeping national legislation granted full citizenship to four million people and enfranchised more than a million. However, this was not a transition to democracy in the sense used traditionally by democratization scholars. The national government had been democratic for more than 80 years, and most men living in the country already enjoyed these rights. What the United States experienced during that period was the most extensive case of territorial democratization in history. Clusters of voting and civil rights long available to inhabitants of other jurisdictions of the country were extended to inhabitants of a group of states that held more than one-third of the national population. Most of these had been slaveholding states before the Civil War and had formed part of the short-lived secessionist experiment known as the Confederate States of America (Figure 3.1). As a result, competitive state-party systems, linked to a national competitive party system, emerged throughout the region.
Contents
- Edward L. Gibson, Northwestern University, Illinois
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- Boundary Control
- Published online:
- 05 January 2013
- Print publication:
- 07 January 2013, pp ix-x
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1 - Introduction
- Edward L. Gibson, Northwestern University, Illinois
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- Boundary Control
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- 05 January 2013
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- 07 January 2013, pp 1-8
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Summary
Our universe is not local.
– Brian GreeneIn 1983 the luminous December sun shone on the nation's capital as Raúl Alfonsín, the newly inaugurated Argentine president, waved to enthusiastic crowds from his open-topped car. The crowds cheered not only the man wearing the sash but also the political event he embodied – the birth of a new democracy. Furthermore, the horrors and the drama of the years leading to this event gave national and international observers alike the sense that Argentina had finally turned its back on a long legacy of authoritarian politics. This transition to democracy was for real, and the political officials getting ready to govern, with all their weaknesses and predictable missteps along the way, would never again permit authoritarian rulers to control power in the nation's capital.
At around the same time, far from the glare of the national press corps, and even farther from international scrutiny, an old political boss stepped assuredly into the gubernatorial palace of the northern province of Santiago del Estero. The surroundings were familiar to him. Carlos Arturo Juárez had first been elected governor of Santiago in 1949 and now looked forward to a third term in office. Juárez had been the province’s puppet master for more than three decades. In the course of his career, he had maneuvered skillfully against challenges to his hold on the province from party rivals, including from the great Juan Perón himself. He had also prevailed against several military governments, whose occupations he waited out in comfortable exile financed by provincial construction magnates made wealthy during his terms in office. In 1983 he returned from one such period of exile, and his loyal local Peronist Party machine mobilized to hand him another election victory. As he surveyed the political landscape of a province he had not seen for seven years, Juárez remarked casually to a reporter, “Santiago del Estero is Carlos Arturo Juárez. I say it without vanity.”
6 - Boundary Control
- Edward L. Gibson, Northwestern University, Illinois
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- Boundary Control
- Published online:
- 05 January 2013
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- 07 January 2013, pp 148-172
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Summary
Only connect!
E. M. ForsterIn territorial politics there are few truly local conflicts. All territorial arenas – whether they be the province, the town, or the national government – are entangled in systematic ways. Certain parties to a conflict will strive to keep the fight localized. Others will not, and in the interdependent structure of a territorial system, national actors will often have an interest in what takes place in the local conflict. Understanding processes of local change, therefore, requires careful analysis of how the locality in question is enmeshed in a larger system of territorial governance.
In applying these insights to subnational authoritarianism in democratic countries, this book has addressed a number of issues. First, it has examined the political situation: the coexistence of a national democratic government with authoritarian subnational governments (in these cases, provincial governments). I have labeled this a situation of “regime juxtaposition,” in which the rules and norms governing the behavior of leaders and the rights of citizens at the provincial level are at odds with those at the national level. Far from being an anomalous event in democratic countries, regime juxtaposition is a recurring phenomenon that is linked sequentially and dynamically to national democratization. It also constitutes one of the most important challenges to the spread of democracy within a country’s borders once the national government has come under the control of democratically elected leaders.
5 - Boundary Control in Democratizing Mexico
- Edward L. Gibson, Northwestern University, Illinois
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- Boundary Control
- Published online:
- 05 January 2013
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- 07 January 2013, pp 112-147
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Summary
Democracy from the provinces: and why not?
Vicente Fox Quesada, PAN Governor of the State of Guanajuato, in 1995Only God can remove a governor.
Ulíses Ruíz Ortíz, PRI Governor of the state of Oaxaca, in 2006In 2010, a subnational bastion of autocratic rule in Mexico came to an end. In the southern state of Oaxaca, the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) lost a governorship it had held for more than 70 years. The PRI succumbed to a coalition of parties united not by ideology but by the goal of defeating the incumbent party. The local leaders of the right-leaning Partido Acción Nacional (PAN) joined local leaders of the left-leaning Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD) to support an ex-PRI politician in his long-standing quest to become governor of the state. Added to this complicated local picture were the actions of national parties, which, with national objectives in mind, encouraged and empowered the anti-incumbent coalition.
The defeat of the PRI in Oaxaca was a party-led transition from subnational authoritarian rule. Its protagonists were local party activists, civil society organizations, and national party leaders. Bureaucrats from Mexico City kept their distance, and when they did intervene over the years it was usually on behalf of local incumbents. It was a long and hard-fought struggle. The leviathan was weakened gradually by pitched electoral battles in municipal and state arenas, violent confrontations on city streets and rural byways, and national partisan and regulatory pressures.
4 - Boundary Control in Democratizing Argentina
- Edward L. Gibson, Northwestern University, Illinois
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- Boundary Control
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- 07 January 2013, pp 72-111
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Summary
A close relationship exists between the constitutional structure and the authoritarian character of the political regime.
In 1983 party competition erupted across Argentina's federal political system unlike any other time in its history. After decades of military governments and restricted democratic regimes, free elections transformed the country's political landscape. Two national parties, the Unión Cívica Radical (Radical Party [UCR]) and the Partido Justicialista (Peronist Party [PJ]) dominated competition in national and subnational elections. In presidential politics, the Radical Party had unshackled the country from the “iron law” of Argentine elections, which had stipulated the invincibility of the Peronist Party whenever elections were free and fair. Political observers hailed the emergence of a truly competitive two-party system in national politics.
The competitive national wave put pressure on the parochial worlds of provincial politics. Boisterous contests between parties emerged not only in provinces with long histories of political pluralism but also in sleepy oligarchies across the country’s periphery. In several of these provinces local Peronist politicians, accustomed for decades to the job security of clan-controlled patronage machines, found their grips on the local polity weakening. Once-hegemonic systems became competitive as an ascendant national Radical Party bolstered local opposition parties.
Index
- Edward L. Gibson, Northwestern University, Illinois
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- Boundary Control
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Frontmatter
- Edward L. Gibson, Northwestern University, Illinois
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- Boundary Control
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Boundary Control
- Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies
- Edward L. Gibson
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The democratization of a national government is only a first step in diffusing democracy throughout a country's territory. Even after a national government is democratized, subnational authoritarian 'enclaves' often continue to deny rights to citizens of local jurisdictions. Gibson offers new theoretical perspectives for the study of democratization in his exploration of this phenomenon. His theory of 'boundary control' captures the conflict pattern between incumbents and oppositions when a national democratic government exists alongside authoritarian provinces (or 'states'). He also reveals how federalism and the territorial organization of countries shape how subnational authoritarian regimes are built and how they unravel. Through a novel comparison of the late nineteenth-century American 'Solid South' with contemporary experiences in Argentina and Mexico, Gibson reveals that the mechanisms of boundary control are reproduced across countries and historical periods. As long as subnational authoritarian governments coexist with national democratic governments, boundary control will be at play.
Contributors
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- By Ashraf Abdelhay, Ulrich Ammon, Angelelli Claudia V, David F. Armstrong, Peter Backhaus, Richard B. Baldauf Jr, Carol Benson, Richard D. Brecht, Stephen J. Caldas, Jasone Cenoz, Mary Carol Combs, Florian Coulmas, Helder De Schutter, Fernand de Varennes, Alexandre Duchêne, John Edwards, Gibson Ferguson, Ofelia García, Durk Gorter, Federica Guerini, Monica Heller, Gabrielle Hogan-Brun, Björn H. Jernudd, Kendall A. King, Verena Krausneker, Joseph Lo Bianco, Busi Makoni, Makoni Sinfree B, Pedzisai Mashiri, A. W. Teresa L. McCarty, Svitlana Melnyk, Jiří Nekvapil, Hoa Thi Mai Nguyen, Christina Bratt Paulston, Susan D. Penfield, Robert Phillipson, Meital Pinto, Adam Rambow, Denise Réaume, William P. Rivers, David Robichaud, Julia Sallabank, Bernard Spolsky, Stephen L. Walter, Jonathan M. Watt, Sherman Wilcox, Colin H. Williams, Sue Wright
- Edited by Bernard Spolsky, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
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- The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy
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- 05 June 2012
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- 01 March 2012, pp xii-xiv
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