Day to day governance of civilians is not solely the purview of states. Rulemaking, rule-enforcing, and goods and services provision are central components of governance, yet in many instances it is non-state actors who assume these functions. We advance the study of governance by rebel groups engaged in armed confrontation against state governments. We identify five key areas of research where the field of rebel governance is best poised to go: the study of multi-level governance, rebel use of self-constraining or hand-tying behaviors, synergy between institutional form and domestic legitimacy, the nuanced role of territorial control in governance, and short- and longer-term impacts of rebel governance on post-conflict outcomes. In each area, we draw attention to the lessons already learned, interrogate key assumptions in existing work, raise arguments that remain under- or uninvestigated, and focus on the next frontier in the exploration of rebel governance. Learning more about the ways that rebel groups govern informs our understanding of armed conflict and its resolution, as well as provides broader lessons about the study of governance.

Parasite infection in young animals can affect host traits related to demographic processes such as survival and reproduction, and is therefore crucial to population viability. However, variation in infection among juvenile hosts is poorly understood. Experimental studies have indicated that effects of parasitism can vary with host sex, hatching order and hatch date, yet it remains unclear whether this is linked to differences in parasite burdens. We quantified gastrointestinal nematode burdens of wild juvenile European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) using two in situ measures (endoscopy of live birds and necropsy of birds that died naturally) and one non-invasive proxy measure (fecal egg counts (FECs)). In situ methods revealed that almost all chicks were infected (98%), that infections established at an early age and that older chicks hosted more worms, but FECs underestimated prevalence. We found no strong evidence that burdens differed with host sex, rank or hatch date. Heavier chicks had higher burdens, demonstrating that the relationship between burdens and their costs is not straightforward. In situ measures of infection are therefore a valuable tool in building our understanding of the role that parasites play in the dynamics of structured natural populations.

The Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz (MALT90) survey aims to characterise the physical and chemical evolution of high-mass star-forming clumps. Exploiting the unique broad frequency range and on-the-fly mapping capabilities of the Australia Telescope National Facility Mopra 22 m single-dish telescope1 , MALT90 has obtained 3′ × 3′ maps towards ~2 000 dense molecular clumps identified in the ATLASGAL 870 μm Galactic plane survey. The clumps were selected to host the early stages of high-mass star formation and to span the complete range in their evolutionary states (from prestellar, to protostellar, and on to $\mathrm{H\,{\scriptstyle {II}}}$ regions and photodissociation regions). Because MALT90 mapped 16 lines simultaneously with excellent spatial (38 arcsec) and spectral (0.11 km s−1) resolution, the data reveal a wealth of information about the clumps’ morphologies, chemistry, and kinematics. In this paper we outline the survey strategy, observing mode, data reduction procedure, and highlight some early science results. All MALT90 raw and processed data products are available to the community. With its unprecedented large sample of clumps, MALT90 is the largest survey of its type ever conducted and an excellent resource for identifying interesting candidates for high-resolution studies with ALMA.

A survey of the Milky Way disk and the Magellanic System at the wavelengths of the 21-cm atomic hydrogen (H i) line and three 18-cm lines of the OH molecule will be carried out with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder telescope. The survey will study the distribution of H i emission and absorption with unprecedented angular and velocity resolution, as well as molecular line thermal emission, absorption, and maser lines. The area to be covered includes the Galactic plane (|b| < 10°) at all declinations south of δ = +40°, spanning longitudes 167° through 360°to 79° at b = 0°, plus the entire area of the Magellanic Stream and Clouds, a total of 13 020 deg2. The brightness temperature sensitivity will be very good, typically σT≃ 1 K at resolution 30 arcsec and 1 km s−1. The survey has a wide spectrum of scientific goals, from studies of galaxy evolution to star formation, with particular contributions to understanding stellar wind kinematics, the thermal phases of the interstellar medium, the interaction between gas in the disk and halo, and the dynamical and thermal states of gas at various positions along the Magellanic Stream.

Prior studies examining the association between self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination and obesity have had mixed results and primarily been cross-sectional. This study tests the hypothesis that an increase in self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination predicts gains in waist circumference and body mass index in Black and White women and men over eight years. In race/ethnicity- and gender-stratified models, this study examined whether change in self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination predicts changes in waist circumference and body mass index over time using a fixed-effects regression approach in SAS statistical software, providing control for both measured and unmeasured time-invariant covariates. Between 1992–93 and 2000–01, self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination decreased among 843 Black women (75% to 73%), 601 Black men (80% to 77%), 893 White women (30% to 23%) and 856 White men (28% to 23%). In fixed-effects regression models, controlling for all time-invariant covariates, social desirability bias, and changes in education and parity (women only) over time, an increase in self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination over time was significantly associated with an increase in waist circumference (β=1.09, 95% CI: 0.00–2.19, p=0.05) and an increase in body mass index (β=0.67, 95% CI: 0.19–1.16, p=0.007) among Black women. No associations were observed among Black men and White women and men. These findings suggest that an increase in self-reported experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination may be associated with increases in waist circumference and body mass index among Black women over time.

Hollow microcylinder targets, 200–300 μm in diameter, have been internally irradiated at up to 5 · 1014 W/cm2 with Nd:glass laser pulses directed through an axial entrance slit. The plasma evolution in the interior of the cavities was diagnosed with a pinhole imaging X-ray streak camera and a Nomarski-type interferometer. Plasma collision near the center of the cylinder is observed about 300 ps after the irradiating laser pulse. The experimental results are confirmed by a one-dimensional Eulerian fluid code.

Recent experiments to study the laser driven compression of CH shell targets and the effects of increasing aspect ratio using x-ray shadowgraph techniques are described. This work has been carried out at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory's Central Laser Facility with 12 beam, 0·53 μm, 1·0 ns irradiation. X-ray shadowgraphy techniques have been used with a frame time of ∼100ps and spatial resolution of 5 to lOμm to obtain density profiles for the compressed targets. A systematic study of 150–200 μm targets with aspect ratios from ∼7 to ∼20 has been performed. The x-ray shadowgraphy techniques used are described, results in the form of x-radiographs presented and a discussion of preliminary results given.

Recent results indicate that certain organic molecules whose electronic structures are characterized by extended pi-molecular orbitals can exhibit significant second and third order nonlinear optical (NLO) effects [1]. Unfortunately, this same arrangement which leads to the NLO effects, can also result in essentially one-dimensional bonding coordination. This in turn means that crystals grown from these materials do not readily form good three-dimensional optical-quality crystals, but rather tend to form needles. In addition, pure organic crystals are usually bonded by weak van der Waals forces, often resulting in poor mechanical properties. Indeed, organic impurities are frequently incorporated into these systems during crystallization resulting in poor crystallinity, spurious absorptions, and low damage thresholds. This is particularly true in the case of polymeric NLO materials, where impurities result from the polymerization steps and/or starting materials.

Optical absorption and photoluminescence experiments are performed on GaAs doping superlattices, which have a δ-function-like doping profile of alternating n-type and p-type dopant sheets. Absorption and emission spectra reveal for the first time the clear signature of quantum-confined interband transitions. The peaks of the experimental absorption and luminescence spectra are assigned to calculated energies of quantum-confined transitions with very good agreement. It is shown that the employment of the δ-doping technique results in improved optical properties of doping superlattices.

We report our recent investigations of a new structure formed by b-doping the barrier of an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure. In this new structure we have observed both a mobility of 1.9×lO6cm2/Vsec and the fractional quantum hall effect. We compare low temperature mobilities and densities achieved with the δ-doped heterostructure with corresponding high values reported in the literature for the homogeneously- doped heterostructure. We show that systematic enhancements in both density and mobility occur in the b-doped heterostructure. By δ-doping both barriers of a quantum well we have also achieved electron concentrations of 4×1012cm -2 in the well.

PtSi on As-doped polysilicon oxidizes rapidly at temperatures as low as 500 °C. The resulting SiO2-PtSi and PtSi-polysilicon interfaces are very rough. Silicide inclusions are present in the oxide, probably due to differences in oxidation rate between different PtSi grains. The presence of some inclusions near the SiO2 surface suggests that PtSi dissociates during oxidation. Rapid oxidation does not occur for PtSi on B or P-doped polysilicon, or for As concentrations of 1×1020 cm−3 or less.

High quality GaAs layers have been grown by chemical beam epitaxy using triethylgallium and arsine. Undoped GaAs epilayer with net acceptor concentration NA - ND = 3}10 14cm-3 has been obtained at a low growth temperature of 500°C. Si dopant diffusion at such low temperature during growth is negligible. Using monolayer doping technique epilayers with Si impurities localized in a 2-dimensional plane were prepared. Capacitance-voltage profiling showed a high sheet electron concentration of lx1013cm-2 and peak widths of 22Å and 18Å at 300K and 77K, respectively, which are the narrowest ever reported. For samples grown or annealed at higher temperatures, significant impurity diffusion was observed.

PtSi films have been formed using sputtered Pt and different annealing sequences and ambients. A clear dependence on the annealing sequence and ambient is observed for both the PtSi films and the passivating oxide layers formed. The single-temperature process at 550°C using forming gas (N2-H2 9:1), nitrogen and oxygen shows incomplete reactions between Pt and Si, with a surface oxide layer of poor resistance against etching in aqua regia. A three-temperature process using forming gas is shown to provide complete reactions between Pt and Si, with a surface oxide layer of excellent resistance against aqua regia. The three-temperature process using nitrogen or oxygen, however, fails to provide films of high quality, and the results are similar to those obtained by the single-temperature process in various gases.