In November 2016, a woman in her 30s who stayed at an insecure, temporary housing facility, a manga café in Tokyo, Japan, for a year was diagnosed with sputum smear-positive tuberculosis (TB). Since the café had 31 staff members and provided with accommodation to many people, the local health office initiated a contact investigation. This study aims to characterise the cases found in the outbreak. A TB case was defined as a person tested bacteriologically positive for TB, or was determined to have TB by a physician. A latent TB infection case was defined as a person tested positive by interferon-γ release assay. From January 2016 through November 2017, there were 31 staff members at the manga café, of which, six developed TB disease (one smear-negative, culture-positive and five smear- and culture-negative) in addition to seven LTBI. Another long-term customer was found having sputum smear-positive TB. Variable numbers tandem repeat (VNTR) test revealed that the index patient and the long-term customer had the identical type of VNTR; however, one staff member had a different VNTR. Local health authorities should intensify screening long-term customers of such facilities for TB regularly as well as once a TB outbreak occurs.

High dietary energy density (ED) has been associated with weight gain. However, little is known about the long-term effects of ED on weight changes among free-living subjects, particularly in Japanese and other Asian populations. In this study, we assessed dietary habits and weight changes in participants (5778 males and 7440 females, 35–69 years old) of the Takayama study. ED was estimated using a validated FFQ at baseline only. Information on body weight (BW) was obtained by self-administered questionnaires at baseline and follow-up. Mean BW difference in 9·8 years was 17 (se 4221) g for men and −210 (se 3889) g for women. In men, ED was positively associated with BW at follow-up after controlling for age, BW, height, physical activity score, alcohol consumption, energy intake, years of education at the baseline and change of smoking status during the follow-up. On average, men in the highest quartile of ED (>5·322 kJ/g (>1·272 kcal/g)) gained 138 (se 111) g, whereas men in the lowest ED (<1·057) lost 22 (se 111) g (P for trend=0·01). The association between ED and BW gain was stronger in men with normal weight. In women, the association between ED and weight change was not statistically significant. In conclusion, contrary to some studies that report an association between ED and weight gain in the overweight only, our data suggest that high-ED diets may be associated with weight gain in the lean population as well, at least in male subjects.

Three spatially extended travelling wave exact coherent states, together with one spanwise-localised state, are presented for channel flow. Two of the extended flows are derived by homotopy from solutions to the problem of channel flow subject to a spanwise rotation investigated by Wall & Nagata (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 727, 2013, pp. 523–581). Both these flows are asymmetric with respect to the channel centreplane, and feature streaky structures in streamwise velocity flanked by staggered vortical structures. One of these flows features two streak/vortex systems per spanwise wavelength, while the other features one such system. The former substantially reduces the value of the lowest Reynolds number at which channel flow solutions ,other than the basic flow, are known to exist down to 665. The third flow has, in contrast, half-turn rotational symmetry about a streamwise axis through a point on the channel centreplane, and is found to be the flow from which one of the asymmetric flows bifurcates in a symmetry-breaking bifurcation. This flow is found to exist on an isolated bifurcation branch, whose upper and lower branches both lie on the boundary basin separating initial conditions that lead to turbulent events, and those that directly decay back to laminar flow. The structure of this flow, in which the disturbance to the basic flow is concentrated in a core region in a spanwise period, allowed the derivation of a corresponding spanwise-localised flow, which is also discussed.

Two new families of exact coherent states are found in plane Poiseuille flow. They are obtained from the stationary and the travelling-wave mirror-symmetric solutions in plane Couette flow by a homotopy continuation. They are characterized by the mirror symmetry inherited from those continued solutions in plane Couette flow. The first family arises from a saddle-node bifurcation and the second family bifurcates by breaking the top–bottom symmetry of the first family. We find that both families exist below the minimum saddle-node-point Reynolds number known to date (Waleffe, Phys. Fluids, vol. 15, 2003, pp. 1517–1534).

Three-dimensional exact, finite-amplitude solutions are presented for the problem of channel flow subject to a system rotation about a spanwise axis. The solutions are of travelling wave form, and may bifurcate as tertiary flows from the two-dimensional streamwise-independent secondary flow, or as secondary flows directly from the basic flow. For the tertiary flows, we consider solutions of spanwise superharmonic and subharmonic type. We distinguish flows on the basis of symmetry, originating eigenmode and major solution branch, and thus identify 15 distinct flows: 5 superharmonic tertiary, 5 subharmonic tertiary and 5 secondary flows. The tertiary flows all feature a single layer of vortical structures in the spanwise–wall-normal plane, the secondary flows feature single-, double-, triple- or quadruple-layer flow structures in this plane. All flows feature low-speed streamwise-orientated streaks in the streamwise velocity component and/or pulses of low-speed streamwise velocity. The streaks may be sinusoidal or varicose. Sinusoidal streaks are flanked by staggered streamwise vortices, varicose streaks and pulses are flanked by aligned vortices. A comparison with previous simulation and experimental studies finds that the simplest three-dimensional flows observed previously correspond to superharmonic tertiary flows bifurcating from the upper branch of the secondary flow. The mean absolute vorticity of the present flows is also considered. A flattening of the profile of this vorticity is observed in the central region of the channel for two-dimensional secondary and many of the three-dimensional flows, with two-step profiles also observed. This phenomenon is attributed to mixing of the vorticity across zones of the channel in which streamwise vortex structures exist, and is demonstrated by a two-dimensional model. The phenomenon appears to be distinct to that observed in fully turbulent rotating channel flows.

We note that the mirror-symmetric solution in plane Couette flow, found recently by Gibson, Halcrow & Cvitanović (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 611, 2009, pp. 107–130) and Itano & Generalis (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 102, 2009, p. 114501), belongs to the solution group classified as ‘ribbon’ in rotating-plane Couette flow (RPCF). It represents a subcritical (in terms of the system rotation) solution at zero rotation rate on the three-dimensional tertiary flow branch which bifurcates from the second streamwise-independent flow in RPCF. The way of its appearance is similar to that of the Nagata solution (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 217, 1990, pp. 519–527), which lies on the subcritical three-dimensional tertiary flow branch bifurcating from the first streamwise-independent flow in RPCF.

We present a large-scale view of the magnetic field (MF) in the central 3° × 2° region of our Galaxy. There is a smooth transition of the large-scale MF configuration in this region.

Disaster preparedness is one of the national priorities. In Japan, disaster medicine is defined as a part of the national medical plan initiated by Ministry of Health, Welfare and Labor. The Japan Medical Association is the largest professional physicians' group in Japan, and has contributed to all kinds of disaster relief work regionally and nation-wide for years. Based on past successes, the Japan Medical Association proposes a new disaster action plan named Japan Medical Association Team (JMAT). The primary mission of JMAT is to deploy to the disaster scene requested and work for disaster relief. JMAT covers the acute to sub-acute phase of disaster response, and also collaborate with other agencies. In the preparation and mitigation phases, the Japan Medical Association work for establishing mutual disaster aid partnerships, disaster plans, networks with other agencies, team building, disaster medicine training and education, etc. In Japan, the Disaster Medical Assistant Team (DMAT) has been established based on the experience of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake, when lots of preventable trauma deaths occurred because of delayed medical response. The mission of DMAT is to deploy to the scene immediately and triage/transfer the most serious disaster victims outside the scene for advanced medical care. DMAT covers the first 48 hours of disaster response phase, and then JMAT takes charge of the work. JMAT will also respond to chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear disasters, and international humanitarian work. The present issues of establishing JMAT are 1.training and education for Japan Medical Association members, 2.establising cooperation with other agencies, and 3.having presence at the Central Disaster Committee, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan.

We carry out linear and nonlinear analyses on a flow between two infinitely long concentric cylinders with the radii a and b subject to a sliding motion of the inner cylinder in the axial direction. We confirm the linear stability result of Gittler (Acta Mechanica, vol. 101, 1993, p. 1) for the axisymmetric case, namely the flow is linearly stable against axisymmetric perturbations when the radius ratio η = a/b is greater than 0.1415. We extend his analysis to the non-axisymmetric case and find that the stability of the flow is still determined by axisymmetric perturbations. Our nonlinear analysis exhibits that (i) finite-amplitude axisymmetric solutions exist far below the linear critical Reynolds number for η < 0.1415 and (ii) non-axisymmetric travelling wave solutions appear abruptly at a finite Reynolds number even for η > 0.1415 where the linear critical state is absent.

A new nonlinear travelling-wave solution for a flow through an isothermal square duct is discovered. The solution is found by a continuation approach in parameter space, starting from a case where the fluid is heated internally. The Reynolds number for which the travelling wave emerges is much lower than that of the solutions discovered recently by an analysis based on the self-sustaining process (Wedin et al., Phys. Rev. E, vol. 79, 2009, p. 065305; Uhlmann et al., Advances in Turbulence XII, 2009, pp. 585–588). Furthermore, the new travelling-wave solution is shown to be unstable from the onset.

We improve our previously derived addition to the BGK collision term, and express it in a simple form. The collision frequency for scattering now depends anisotropically on the velocity vector. We also apply the improved macroscopic equation of momentum flow to the Hall effect, the cold plasma dispersion relation and the cyclotron resonance. The Hall coefficient which is constant in the case of the BGK collision term now depends on the magnetic field. It is also shown that, compared with the almost symmetric classical curves of cyclotron resonance, the new curves are considerably asymmetric and their half-widths are about 3/2 times the classical ones.

Previous work on non-relativistic electrons isotropically scattered by neutral atoms is extended to the relativistic case, and an equation is derived for the electron drift velocity. In the non-relativistic case the drift-velocity equation contains a corrected momentum-transfer term arising from the fact that the collision phenomenon is characterized by the mean free path rather than by the mean collision time. In the present work it is found that the time variation of the electron mass has a very complicated effect on the relativistic equation for the drift velocity. In addition, an unexpected theoretical result is obtained: a negative magneto-resistance effect in which the magneto-resistance decreases as the magnitude of a magnetic field imposed on the plasma increases. However, this effect is not a relativistic one but is rather due to the correction in the momentum-transfer term.

A calculation with respect to momentum transfer by the electron–neutral collisions is carried out, based on an idea that collision phenomena should be characterized by mean free path rather than by the collision time, and correction terms are derived for the previous equation of momentum conservation and the previous approach to the Boltzmann collision integral.

We analyse the stability of plane Poiseuille flow with a streamwise system rotation. It is found that the instability due to two-dimensional perturbations, which sets in at the well-known critical Reynolds number, Rc = 5772.2, for the non-rotating case, is delayed as the rotation is increased from zero, showing a stabilizing effect of rotation. As the rotation is increased further, however, the laminar flow becomes most unstable to perturbations which are three-dimensional. The critical Reynolds number due to three-dimensional perturbations at this higher rotation case is many orders of magnitude less than the corresponding value due to two-dimensional perturbations. We also perform a nonlinear analysis on a bifurcating three-dimensional secondary flow. The secondary flow exhibits a spiral vortex structure propagating in the streamwise direction. It is confirmed that an antisymmetric mean flow in the spanwise direction is generated in the secondary flow.