Objectives/Goals: We will conduct a 12-week pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) to test the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a staged-intensity whole foods intervention on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) change in adults, diet quality change (via the 2020 healthy eating index [HEI-2020]) in adults and offspring, and diet adherence and social determinants of health (SDOH) considerations via focus groups. Methods/Study Population: In this two-arm, parallel RCT, 30 adults with prediabetes (25–59 years) and their offspring (6–18 years) will be randomized to receive the 1) 12-week whole foods intervention which includes a 2-week feeding period (all foods/recipies provided), a 6-week customizable feeding period (3 dinners/recipies weekly), and a 4-week maintenance period (no food/recipies). The control group will receive standard of care (i.e., single RD-led diet counseling session). Primary outcomes include feasibility (≥80% retention and completion of study outcome measures) and acceptability (≥75% adult self-reported diet satisfaction). Intervention effects include 1) HbA1c change at 12-weeks in adults and 2) adult/offspring HEI-2020 scores assessed via diet records. Focus groups will assess influences of SDOH on diet adherence. Results/Anticipated Results: We have received Institutional Review Board approval, and recruitment is planned for January 2025. We will enroll 30 families from the greater Nashville, TN area. An intent-to-treat analysis will be conducted to test the preliminary effects of the whole foods diet intervention on the 12-week change in HbA1c (adults only) and 2020-HEI diet quality scores during the intervention period (adults and offspring). Focus groups will be conducted to understand how individual and family needs/preferences and SDOH may be perceived barriers or facilitators of diet adherence. Data generated from this study will be used to guide a fully powered RCT of our whole foods intervention to assess long-term effects on additional diabetes and metabolic outcomes and assessment of SDOH influences to support long-term adherence. Discussion/Significance of Impact: A healthy diet pattern is an effective nonpharmacological solution to prevent T2D, but only if it can be maintained. A family-centered whole foods diet pattern that uses “food as medicine” and considers how individual and family needs/preferences, and SDOHs could be an effective and sustainable multigenerational solution to prevent T2D in families.

Bacterial superinfection and antibiotic prescribing in the setting of the current mpox outbreak are not well described in the literature. This retrospective observational study revealed low prevalence (11%) of outpatient antibiotic prescribing for bacterial superinfection of mpox lesions; at least 3 prescriptions (23%) were unnecessary.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of this study was to examine the attitudes of central Pennsylvania rural residents toward data sharing in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. We determined their willingness to provide cell phone data and personal information to public health staff investigating COVID-19 cases, as well as their concerns about sharing this information. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used the electronic medical records of an academic healthcare institution in central Pennsylvania to obtain names and addresses of patients who had visited an outpatient clinic or been an inpatient within the prior three years, were 18 years or older, and who resided in a community defined as rural by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The survey included four statements about contact tracing, three statements about intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, and validated scales for general trust and for distrust in healthcare organizations. All study variables were summarized to determine their distributions, and bivariate binomial logistic regression was conducted. A multivariable model including all of the independent variables was then fit for each outcome variable. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The response rate was 19.5%. 95 % of respondents were white, 56% were female, and nearly two-thirds were older than 60 years. Binomial logistic regression showed that both distrust in healthcare organizations and political values influenced respondents willingness to share information with contact tracers as well as their concerns about sharing. In multivariate analysis, political values were a consistent predicator of willingness to share and concerns about sharing. Respondents who indicated that they wanted to get vaccinated as soon as possible were significantly more likely than those who did not want to be vaccinated to be willing to share their cell phone location data and personal data. Conversely, they were less likely to be concerned with these data being shared without their permission. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding rural residents concerns about sharing personal information is critical if we are to develop successful strategies for lessening the impact of COVID-19 and managing future pandemics. This study is a first step in eliciting such concerns in the context of COVID-19and has implications for directing a successful pandemic response.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Vaccination for COVID-19 is a primary public health strategy to control the pandemic. In this study, we examined how various sociodemographic variables influence rural residents intentions to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. We also examined the role of distrust in healthcare organizations in these intentions. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: sing the electronic medical records of an academic healthcare institution in central Pennsylvania, we obtained names and addresses of patients who had been an inpatient or outpatient within the prior three years, were 18 years or older, and who resided in a community defined as rural by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The survey included three statements about the intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, an open-ended question about concerns regarding the vaccine, and validated scales for general trust and for distrust in healthcare organizations. All study variables were summarized to determine their distributions, and then bivariate binomial logistic regression analyses were conducted. Responses to the open-ended question were coded and used as variables in the bivariate analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Respondents reporting conservative political views were more likely (compared to those liberal political views) to never want to be vaccinated for COVID-19. Those who expressed distrust in healthcare organizations were less likely to want to be vaccinated soon. Conversely those who were more trusting said they were more likely to want to be vaccinated soon. Respondents dominant concerns about the COVID-19 vaccine were that it was new and that the process for its development was rushed. Respondents who believed that COVID-19 was a hoax were unlikely to ever want to be vaccinated, while those who distrusted the process in some way (new vaccine or rushed vaccine) were more likely to want to wait to be vaccinated. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings confirm the impact of political orientation on COVID-19 vaccination intention and suggest that distrust in healthcare organizations may prevent people from being vaccinated. These data provide evidence that people delaying vaccination hold different beliefs than those who will never vaccinate.

The transgenic corn line 98140 has a high level of resistance to glyphosate and all five chemical classes of herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS). The dual herbicide resistance is due to a molecular stack of two constitutively expressed genes: gat4621, which produces a glyphosate acetyltransferase that rapidly inactivates glyphosate, and hra, which produces a highly resistant ALS. On a rate basis, the positive 98140 isoline with a single copy of the gat4621 gene is over 1,000-fold more resistant to glyphosate than a negative isoline without the transgene. Similarly, the positive 98140 isoline with the hra gene is over 1,000-fold more resistant to ALS-inhibiting herbicides such as chlorimuron and sulfometuron at the whole-plant and enzyme level. The gat4621 and hra genes do not change the natural tolerance of corn to selective herbicides, so new corn hybrids based on 98140 will give growers more options to manage weeds and delay the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds.

Studies have found that moral disengagement plays a significant role in the continuation of bullying situations (Bonanno, 2005); however, the moral stance of cyber-bystanders — those who witness online bullying — is not yet clear. While research into traditional face-to-face bullying reported that peers would probably or certainly intervene to support victims in 43% of cases (Rigby & Johnson, 2006) actual intervention is reportedly much less (Atlas & Pepler, 1998; Craig & Pepler, 1997). Little is known, however, about the attitudes and behaviours of bystanders or witnesses when online, or their probable intentions to intervene. This study employed three digital animations of typical cyberbullying scenarios to explore young people's views of cyber-bystanders. Youth from Years 8–12 (mean age 15.06, N = 961) from one metropolitan secondary school in Adelaide, South Australia, completed an online survey after watching vignettes. To shed light on the rationale and thinking behind their understanding of bystanders and moral dis/engagement when online, this article reports on the qualitative responses from young people in relation to one of these animations/vignettes. The findings suggest that young people perceive cyber-bystanders to have the capacity to morally engage in cyberbullying incidents; however, there are various barriers to their active positive engagement. The implications can inform educators and school counsellors about possible ways to support students to intervene when they witness cyberbullying.

The project of mapping sustainability initiatives across a region is part of a larger program of research about place and sustainability education for the Anthropocene, the new geological age of human-induced planetary changes (Zalasiewicz, Williams, Steffen, & Crutzen, 2010). The study investigated the location, nature and type of sustainability initiatives in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. The purpose of the study was to trial the development of a place-based survey questionnaire to map initiatives in education for sustainability across a region in order to understand how they emerge in local places. The data from the survey was interpreted using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. This article focuses on the qualitative thematic analysis across all survey responses and assesses the findings in order to determine the usefulness of the approach. The study found that a regional place-based approach enables a different conceptualisation of the possibilities of a cross-sectoral interconnected system of sustainability education. The nonformal and informal sectors are important sites of innovation and have great potential to enrich the pedagogies of education for sustainability in the formal sector.

Where very young children come into contact with water containing schistosome cercariae, infections occur and schistosomiasis can be found. In high transmission environments, where mothers daily bathe their children with environmentally drawn water, many infants and preschool-aged children have schistosomiasis. This ‘new’ burden, inclusive of co-infections with Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni, is being formally explored as infected children are not presently targeted to receive praziquantel (PZQ) within current preventive chemotherapy campaigns. Thus an important PZQ treatment gap exists whereby infected children might wait up to 4–5 years before receiving first treatment in school. International treatment guidelines, set within national treatment platforms, are presently being modified to provide earlier access to medication(s). Although detailed pharmacokinetic studies are needed, to facilitate pragmatic dosing in the field, an extended ‘dose pole’ has been devised and epidemiological monitoring has shown that administration of PZQ (40 mg/kg), in either crushed tablet or liquid suspension, is both safe and effective in this younger age-class; drug efficacy, however, against S. mansoni appears to diminish after repeated rounds of treatment. Thus use of PZQ should be combined with appropriate health education/water hygiene improvements for both child and mother to bring forth a more enduring solution.

The recessive mutant gene downless (dl) causes abnormal texture of the coat and absence of hair on the tail. The dl locus had previously been shown to act in the epidermis and not in the dermis. To obtain evidence on the pattern of proliferation of epidermis, downless ↔ normal chimaeras were produced by embryo aggregation, and the pattern of normal and mutant hair in the coat was examined. The chimaeras showed a pattern of narrow transverse stripes of normal and abnormal hair. This pattern was similar to that found in mice chimaeric for alleles at the agouti locus known to act in the dermis. This evidence supports the conclusion that the pattern of cell proliferation is similar in dermis and epidermis, and is compatible with the hypothesis that both tissues proliferate by lateral coherent clonal growth from a randomly mixed array of longitudinally arranged cells.

A new recessive gene affecting behaviour and the inner ear in the mouse has been discovered. It was named Snell's waltzer, and assigned the symbol sv. It is in linkage group II, about two map units from short ear (se) on the side opposite to that of luxoid (lu). The behaviour of sv/sv mice closely resembles that of other members of the shaker-waltzer group. The abnormalities of the inner ear consist in degeneration of certain parts following normal morphogenesis. The entire neuro-epithelium —that is, the organ of Corti, the two maculae and the three cristae—is affected, and this feature distinguishes it from other degenerative type mutants of this group.

To reduce their dependency on donors or the international currency costs of essential health care products, developing countries are building or improving capability for local manufacturing or competitive international procurement. Through long-term strategic planning, public/private partnerships, collaboration with firms in industrialized nations, and farsighted donor policies, the capacity for alternative supply can be increased in stages from importation through local processing and packaging to full production and multiproduct enterprises.