When we open a random political science journal, we have a roughly two-to-one chance that the article is written by a man. Beyond this general finding, we know little about the gender gaps within political science knowledge production: Are women more represented in lower- or higher-ranked journals? Do they publish more single-authored or multiauthored papers? Do they publish more content in some fields than in others? This article answers these questions by analyzing an original dataset based on the International Political Science Abstracts (a peer-reviewed academic journal) from 2022 consisting of more than 7,000 articles and more than 13,000 authors in political science from around the world. We find no difference in the percentage of female authors between higher- and lower-ranked journals. We find a slightly higher propensity among women to publish in teams. Regarding subfields of study, women are particularly underrepresented in political theory, in which they publish only 21.6% of all published articles—which is an approximate 12-percentage-point deviation from the overall average.

This article argues that recent global histories of Europe represent just one quite specific mode of global awareness in a long history of European global historical and social scientific consciousness. There is no doubt that our understanding of the European past would be more than ill-served by misplaced isolationism or the simple rejection of the massive scientific gains made by global history. Yet recent shifts in the structures, technologies, and modes of the globalization inherited from the post-Cold War world push us to reconsider how that global interconnectedness was achieved. European history after our most recent “global turn” must take into account previous modes of global consciousness and examine how globalization itself has been shaped by this knowledge. Indeed, past understanding of global interconnectedness did not necessarily lead to more open borders, increased interdependency, or growing cultural fluidity. Dis-integrating and downscaling modes of social organization were invented and reinvigorated in response to perceived global forces. There were also conscious attempts to channel the fruits and accumulations of global processes based on an awareness of their potentially enriching and destabilizing impact. These efforts to take control of globalization did not stop it, but they did give it a specific shape in particular moments. As a case in point, the article argues that the half-century following the French Revolution witnessed what might be called a deglobalizing globalization: a moment when the global integration that many considered responsible for the upheaval of the Revolution certainly did not stop, but was redirected in the service of a sovereign nation through the birth of new modes of social science and history writing.

Cet article soutient que les récentes histoires globales de l’Europe ne représentent qu’un mode très spécifique de conscience globale dans l’historiographie et les sciences sociales européennes. S’il ne fait aucun doute que notre compréhension du passé européen serait plus que desservie par un isolationnisme malvenu ou le simple rejet des considérables gains scientifiques de l’histoire globale, les récents changements dans les structures, les technologies et les modes de la mondialisation héritée de l’après-guerre froide nous poussent à reconsidérer la manière dont cette interconnexion globale s’est effectivement réalisée à d’autres époques et en particulier au xixe siècle. L’histoire européenne après notre plus récent « tournant global » doit tenir compte des modes antérieurs de conscience globale et examiner comment la mondialisation elle-même s’est en retour vue façonnée par cette connaissance. En effet, la compréhension passée de l’interconnexion mondiale n’a pas nécessairement favorisé l’ouverture des frontières, une interdépendance ou une fluidité culturelle croissantes. Ainsi, en réponse aux forces mondiales perçues, des modes d’organisation sociale de désintégration et de réduction d’échelle émergèrent et se consolidèrent. On a également pu assister à des tentatives de canalisation des bénéfices de ces processus mondiaux à la suite de la prise de conscience de leurs retombées potentiellement enrichissantes et déstabilisantes. Ces efforts de contrôle de la mondialisation ne l’ont pas empêchée, mais lui ont donné une forme spécifique à des moments particuliers. À titre d’exemple, l’article soutient que le demi-siècle qui a suivi la Révolution française a été le témoin de ce que l’on pourrait appeler une globalisation déglobalisante, soit un moment où l’intégration mondiale, que beaucoup considéraient comme responsable du bouleversement de la Révolution, ne s’est certainement pas arrêtée, mais s’est vue réorientée au service d’une nation souveraine par la naissance de nouveaux modes d’écriture des sciences sociales et de l’histoire.

Recurrent outbreaks of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O55:H7 occurred in England between 2014 and 2018. We reviewed the epidemiological evidence to identify potential source(s) and transmission routes of the pathogen, and to assess the on-going risk to public health. Over the 5-year period, there were 43 confirmed and three probable cases of STEC O55:H7. The median age of cases was 4 years old (range 6 months to 69 years old) and over half of all cases were female (28/46, 61%). There were 36/46 (78.3%) symptomatic cases, and over half of all cases developed HUS (25/46, 54%), including two fatal cases. No common food or environmental exposures were identified, although the majority of cases lived in rural or semi-rural environments and reported contact with both wild and domestic animals. This investigation informed policy on the clinical and public health management of HUS caused by STEC other than serotype O157:H7 (non-O157 STEC) in England, including comprehensive testing of all household contacts and household pets and more widespread use of polymerase chain reaction assays for the rapid diagnosis of STEC-HUS.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: We are developing the 3D perfusion system for use with patient-derived bacteria to further characterize the mechanism behind bacterial-induced inflammation and cancer. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We previously reported the adherent invasive E. coli NC101 promote colorectal cancer (CRC) in mice. FimH, a mannose-specific adhesin on type 1 fimbriae, is involved in bacterial surface adhesion. Herein, we investigated the role of FimH in E. coli NC101-induced adherence and carcinogenesis in a novel 3D perfusion culture imaging plate. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: E. coli NC101 gene fimH was deleted byï ŲRed Recombinase System. Biofilm formation was assessed by crystal violet and congo red staining. 5 dpf (wild-type strain) zebrafish embryos were infected in 6x107 cfu/ml wild type (WT) or fimH-deleted (ï ,,fimH) E. coli NC101 for 24hr and gut dissected for bacterial culture. A 2D/3D infection culture system for IEC-6 and HT-29 cells was infected for 4 hr and imaged and then DNA damage examined by comet assay, cell cycle andÎ3H2AX accumulation. Germ-free (GF) Il10-/- (colitis) mice were orally gavaged with 108 cfu WT orï ,,fimH E. coli NC101 for 16 weeks. E. coli colonization were quantified by plate culture and qPCR. Lipocalin2 was quantified by ELISA. PCNA and β-catenin were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Biofilm formation was reduced by more than 40% (p<0.05) in E. coli NC101ï ,,fimH compared to WT strain. Zebrafish larvae showed a 41% decrease in intestinal colonization ofï ,,fimH compared to WT (p<0.05). E. coli NC101-induced DNA damage was reduced by 67% (p<0.0001) in HT-29 cells infected withï ,,fimH compared to WT strain. Using the 3D infection system, a 46% decrease in yH2AX (p<0.05) and 42% decrease in G2 cell cycle arrest (p<0.05) was observed inï ,,fimH infected IEC-6 cells compared to WT strain. Furthermore, ï ,,fimH infected Il10-/- mice showed decreased colonization (p<0.01), decreased intestinal inflammation (p<0.05), decreased stool lipocalin2 level (p<0.01), and reduction of PCNA positive cells in the intestine (p<0.05) compared to mice infected with WT strain. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Adhesin protein FimH is required by E. coli NC101 to colonize and promote colitis and carcinogenesis both in a 3D perfusion culture and in mice and may serve as potential therapeutic target.

This article offers an interpretation of a key moment in the long history of democracy. Its hypothesis may be simply stated in the following terms: key political theorists and administrators in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century France defined democracy as a means for solving public problems by the public itself. This conception of democracy focused on inventing effective practices of government, administrative intervention and regulatory police and differed fundamentally from our contemporary understandings that privilege the vote, popular sovereignty and parliamentary representation. Moreover, this conception of modern democracy overlapped and in some cases complemented, but—more importantly for this article—remained in significant ways distinct from, other early modern political traditions, in particular liberalism and classical republicanism. What follows therefore uncovers a largely forgotten, but widespread, conception of democracy in the crucial revolutionary age from the mid-eighteenth century to the mid-nineteenth by asking the question, was there a modern democratic tradition?

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We seek to develop a 3D perfusion culture imaging plate for human fecal bacteria co-culture with epithelial cells in a structure that mimics the gut epithelium. We will develop this system for use with patient fecal samples to characterize patient risk of developing cancer. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: E. coli NC101, a strain that harbors the pks gene island, produces the genotoxin colibactin which causes DNA damage that can lead to colorectal cancer development. The genotoxic ability of this bacterium is dependent upon cell-to-cell contact. Here, we present 3D printed E. coli NC101 and intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) in a perfusion imaging plate, enabling visualization of the cytotoxic effects of the bacteria in real time using confocal microscopy, in combination with flow cytometry analysis for cell cycle arrest (a surrogate marker of DNA damage). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 40,000 IEC-6 cells were 3D printed in a cylindrical layer in our triple well imaging plate. The cells were infected at an MOI of 100 for 18 hours and time lapse images of the infection were recorded by confocal microscopy. The cells were then harvested for analysis by flow cytometry for cell cycle arrest as a measure of DNA damage. Our images and flow cytometry data show that E. coli NC101 co-localizes with IEC-6 cells and causes cell cycle arrest in phase G2 (infected %G2 = 40.1), compared to uninfected cells (%G2 = 24.7, P = 0.034). Mutant strains lacking adhesion protein FimH or the ability to produce colibactin do not cause G2 cell cycle arrest (P = 0.844 and P = 0.644, respectively). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We are able to recapitulate the DNA damage phenotype of E. coli NC101 in our 3D culture system. We show here that host-microbe interactions leading to cancer can be modeled in our 3D perfusion system, and we will next use patient fecal samples in our culture system.

3D printing has been shown to be a robust and inexpensive manufacturing tool for a range of applications within biomedical science. Here we report the design and fabrication of a 3D printer-enabled microfluidic device used to generate cell-laden hydrogel microspheres of tunable sizes. An inverse mold was printed using a 3D printer, and replica molding was used to fabricate a PDMS microfluidic device. Intersecting channel geometry was used to generate perfluorodecalin oil-coated gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) microspheres of varying sizes (35–250 μm diameters). Process parameters such as viscosity profile and UV cross-linking times were determined for a range of GelMA concentrations (7–15% w/v). Empirical relationships between flow rates of GelMA and oil phases, microspheres size, and associated swelling properties were determined. For cell experiments, GelMA was mixed with human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells, to generate cell-laden GelMA microspheres with high long-term viability. This simple, inexpensive method does not require the use of traditional cleanroom facilities and when combined with the appropriate flow setup is robust enough to yield tunable cell-laden hydrogel microspheres for potential tissue engineering applications.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has expanded beyond the mere patterned deposition of melted solids, moving into areas requiring spatially structured soft matter—typically materials composed of polymers, colloids, surfactants, or living cells. The tunable and dynamically variable rheological properties of soft matter enable the high-resolution manufacture of soft structures. These rheological properties are leveraged in 3D printing techniques that employ sacrificial inks and sacrificial support materials, which go through reversible solid–fluid transitions under modest forces or other small perturbations. Thus, a sacrificial material can be used to shape a second material into a complex 3D structure, and then discarded. Here, we review the sacrificial materials and related methods used to print soft structures. We analyze data from the literature to establish manufacturing principles of soft matter printing, and we explore printing performance within the context of instabilities controlled by the rheology of soft matter materials.

Le postulat de cette chronique est qu’il reste encore une grande vitalité au cadre nationalà l’ère de l’histoire globale et impériale. On peut lire les trois volumes de l’Histoire de la France contemporaine par Aurélien Lignereux, Bertrand Goujon et Quentin Deluermozcomme une nouvelle vague dans un projet historiographique qui cherche à se renouveler: comment empêcher ce retour au national de n’être qu’un voyage nostalgique, n’ayant rien perdu de son charme et de son attrait populaire, mais qui semble mis à mal par des échelles historiographiques plus vastes ? En effet, les modalités radicalement neuves selon lesquelles s’imbriquèrent si profondément les échelles locale, régionale, impériale, océanique, hémi-sphérique et globale au cours du XIXe siècle résultèrent en partie de la construction et de la consolidation de l’État-nation moderne. Il est donc nécessaire, et c’est précisément ce qu’une lecture (qui est tout autant une interprétation) de ces volumes suggère, non pas de nous détourner de l’histoire nationale, mais de considérer en quoi celle-ci peut informer, aujourd’hui comme demain, les histoires impériale et globale à venir.

A straightforward approach allowing three-dimensional (3D) visualization of subsurface deformation beneath nanoindents using reconstructed cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data is demonstrated. This approach relies on generating an array of nanoindents, extracting a thin (<200 nm) cross section using a focused ion beam (FIB) and imaging with a transmission electron microscope. By rotating the orientation of the FIB cross section with respect to the array of nanoindents at the optimal angle, it is guaranteed that a different section of each nanoindent's subsurface plastic zone is contained within the final cross section. Subsequently, TEM images corresponding to different sections are reconstructed into a 3D image of a representative nanoindentation plastic zone. This approach can be extended to any array of nominally identical features that can be patterned with regular spacing and included in a single FIB cross section. It was also found to significantly enhance the throughput of preparing routine site-specific TEM samples, even when 3D visualization is not necessary. In this article, the approach is applied to visualize the plastic zones beneath nanoindents in GaAs (001), for loads of 50–1000 µN.