Weeds significantly reduce sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) production by 30% to 50% and cause complete crop loss in severe cases. Guangxi, a central sugarcane-growing region in southern China, faces significant challenges due to the proliferation of weeds severely impacting crop tillering, yield, and quality. In this study, we surveyed and identified 35 weed species belonging to 16 families in Longzhou, Nongqin, and Qufeng, with significant threats posed by purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.), bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], hairy crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.), white-edge morningglory [Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth], and ivy woodrose [Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hallier f.]. The application of 81% MCPA-ametryn-diuron achieved greater than 90% control within 15 d. Although herbicides are effective, they can unintentionally harm sugarcane, indicating a need for tolerant genotypes. Therefore, we comprehensively evaluated herbicide-induced phytotoxic responses and identified tolerant sugarcane genotypes over 3 yr of trials conducted on 222 genotypes across Guangxi. We quantified phytotoxicity by counting the number and severity of affected leaves. The ANOVA revealed statistically significant main and interaction effects among genotype, crop cycle, and location. Cluster and discriminant analyses classified the genotypes into five groups: 21 highly tolerant (HT), 68 tolerant, 75 moderately tolerant, 18 susceptible, and 40 highly susceptible. The 21 HT genotypes demonstrated strong potential to be used as parental lines for breeding herbicide-tolerant varieties, to inform precision breeding strategies, and to increase tolerance to herbicide stress in sugarcane.

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) polymorphisms may influence dyslipidemia, but their role remains unclear. This case-control study investigated associations between TNF-α gene polymorphisms (-1031T/C, -863C/A, -857C/T, -308G/A, and -238G/A) and dyslipidemia in 595 participants (162 cases, 433 controls) from the Chaoshan region of China. Anthropometric, biochemical, and genetic data were analyzed using Chi-squared tests and logistic regression, with the false discovery rate (FDR) method applied to correct for multiple comparisons. Results revealed that only the -1031T/C and -863C/A polymorphisms were significantly associated with dyslipidemia. Carriers of the TC+CC genotype for -1031T/C (odds ratio [OR]=0.48, 95% CI: 0.30-0.78, PFDR=0.006) and the CA+AA genotype for -863C/A (OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.24-0.70, PFDR=0.004) had lower odds of dyslipidemia. Protective effects were observed for the C allele at -1031T/C (OR=0.58, PFDR=0.012) and the A allele at -863C/A (OR=0.47, PFDR=0.004). Stratified analyses showed that these associations were significant in males but not females. Functional annotation linked these TNF-α gene polymorphisms to transcription factors (e.g., HNF-1A, STAT1β) in the adipogenesis pathway. This study reveals genetic associations between TNF-α polymorphisms and dyslipidemia, particularly in males, and provides mechanistic insights into their role in transcriptional regulation.

Persistent malnutrition is associated with poor clinical outcomes in cancer. However, assessing its reversibility can be challenging. The present study aimed to utilise machine learning (ML) to predict reversible malnutrition (RM) in patients with cancer. A multicentre cohort study including hospitalised oncology patients. Malnutrition was diagnosed using an international consensus. RM was defined as a positive diagnosis of malnutrition upon patient admission which turned negative one month later. Time-series data on body weight and skeletal muscle were modelled using a long short-term memory architecture to predict RM. The model was named as WAL-net, and its performance, explainability, clinical relevance and generalisability were evaluated. We investigated 4254 patients with cancer-associated malnutrition (discovery set = 2977, test set = 1277). There were 2783 men and 1471 women (median age = 61 years). RM was identified in 754 (17·7 %) patients. RM/non-RM groups showed distinct patterns of weight and muscle dynamics, and RM was negatively correlated to the progressive stages of cancer cachexia (r = –0·340, P < 0·001). WAL-net was the state-of-the-art model among all ML algorithms evaluated, demonstrating favourable performance to predict RM in the test set (AUC = 0·924, 95 % CI = 0·904, 0·944) and an external validation set (n 798, AUC = 0·909, 95 % CI = 0·876, 0·943). Model-predicted RM using baseline information was associated with lower future risks of underweight, sarcopenia, performance status decline and progression of malnutrition (all P < 0·05). This study presents an explainable deep learning model, the WAL-net, for early identification of RM in patients with cancer. These findings might help the management of cancer-associated malnutrition to optimise patient outcomes in multidisciplinary cancer care.

This article introduces item response models for rating relational data. The relational data are obtained via ratings of senders and receivers in a directed network. The proposed models allow comparisons of senders and receivers on a one-dimensional latent scale while accounting for unobserved homophilic relationships. We show that the approach effectively captures reciprocity and clustering phenomena in the relational data. We estimate model parameters using a Bayesian specification and utilize Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods to approximate the full conditional posterior distributions. Simulation studies demonstrate that model parameters can be recovered satisfactorily even when the dimensionality of the network is small. We also present an extensive empirical application to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed models for complete and incomplete networks.

We investigate the dynamics of a cavitation bubble near rigid surfaces decorated with a single gas-entrapping hole to understand the competition between the attraction of the rigid and the repulsion of the free boundary. The dynamics of laser-induced bubbles near this gas-entrapping hole is studied as a function of the stand-off distance and diameter of the hole. Two kinds of toroidal collapses are observed that are the result of the collision of a wide microjet with the bubble wall. The bubble centroid displacement and the strength of the microjet are compared with the anisotropy parameter $\zeta$, which is derived from a Kelvin impulse analysis. We find that the non-dimensional displacement $\delta$ scales with $\zeta$.

In this paper, an improved U-net welding engineering drawing segmentation model is proposed for the automatic segmentation and extraction of sheet metal engineering drawings in the process of mechanical manufacturing, to improve the cutting efficiency of sheet metal parts. To construct a high-precision segmentation model for sheet metal engineering drawings, this paper proposes a U-net jump structure with an attention mechanism based on the Convolutional Attention Module (CBAM) attention mechanism. At the same time, this paper also designs an encoder jump structure with vertical double pooling convolution, which fuses the features after maximum pooling+convolution of the high-dimensional encoder with the features after average pooling+convolution of the low-dimensional encoder. The method in this paper not only improves the global semantic feature extraction ability of the model but also reduces the dimensionality difference between the low-dimensional encoder and the high-dimensional decoder. Using Vgg16 as the backbone network, experiments verify that the IoU, mAP, and Accu indices of this paper’s method in the welding engineering drawing dataset segmentation task are 84.72%, 86.84%, and 99.42%, respectively, which are 22.10, 19.09 and 0.05 percentage points higher compared to the traditional U-net model, and it has a relatively excellent value in engineering applications.

The World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research recommend a plant-based diet to cancer survivors, which may reduce chronic inflammation and excess adiposity associated with worse survival. We investigated associations of plant-based dietary patterns with inflammation biomarkers and body composition in the Pathways Study, in which 3659 women with breast cancer provided validated food frequency questionnaires approximately 2 months after diagnosis. We derived three plant-based diet indices: overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI) and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). We assayed circulating inflammation biomarkers related to systemic inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13). We estimated areas (cm2) of muscle and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT and SAT) from computed tomography scans. Using multivariable linear regression, we calculated the differences in inflammation biomarkers and body composition for each index. Per 10-point increase for each index: hsCRP was significantly lower by 6·9 % (95 % CI 1·6%, 11·8%) for PDI and 9·0 % (95 % CI 4·9%, 12·8%) for hPDI but significantly higher by 5·4 % (95 % CI 0·5%, 10·5%) for uPDI, and VAT was significantly lower by 7·8 cm2 (95 % CI 2·0 cm2, 13·6 cm2) for PDI and 8·6 cm2 (95 % CI 4·1 cm2, 13·2 cm2) for hPDI but significantly higher by 6·2 cm2 (95 % CI 1·3 cm2, 11·1 cm2) for uPDI. No significant associations were observed for other inflammation biomarkers, muscle, or SAT. A plant-based diet, especially a healthful plant-based diet, may be associated with reduced inflammation and visceral adiposity among breast cancer survivors.

We perform a comprehensive linear non-modal stability analysis of the Rayleigh–Bénard convection with and without a Poiseuille/Couette flow in Oldroyd-B fluids. In the absence of shear flow, unlike the Newtonian case in which the perturbation energy decays monotonically with time, the interaction between temperature gradient and polymeric stresses can surprisingly cause a transient growth up to 104. This transient growth is maximized at the Hopf bifurcation when the stationary instability dominant in the weakly elastic regime transitions to the oscillatory instability dominant in the strongly elastic regime. In the presence of a Poiseuille/Couette flow, the streamwise-uniform disturbances may achieve the greatest energy amplification, and similar to the pure bounded shear flows, Gmax ∝ Re2 and tmax ∝ Re, where Gmax is the maximum energy growth, tmax the time to attain Gmax, Re the Reynolds number. It is noteworthy that there exist two peaks during the transient energy growth at high-Re cases. Different from the first one which is less affected by the temperature gradient and elasticity, the second peak, at which the disturbance energy is the largest, is simultaneously determined by the temperature gradient, elasticity and shear intensity. Specifically, the polymeric stresses field absorbs energy from the temperature field and base flow, which is partially transferred into the perturbed hydrodynamic field eventually, driving the transient amplification of the perturbed wall-normal vorticity.

In this paper, we investigate hypersurfaces of $\mathbb{S}^2\times \mathbb{S}^2$ and $\mathbb{H}^2\times \mathbb{H}^2$ with recurrent Ricci tensor. As the main result, we prove that a hypersurface in $\mathbb{S}^2\times \mathbb{S}^2$ (resp. $\mathbb{H}^2\times \mathbb{H}^2$) with recurrent Ricci tensor is either an open part of $\Gamma \times \mathbb{S}^2$ (resp. $\Gamma \times \mathbb{H}^2$) for a curve $\Gamma$ in $\mathbb{S}^2$ (resp. $\mathbb{H}^2$), or a hypersurface with constant sectional curvature. The latter has been classified by H. Li, L. Vrancken, X. Wang, and Z. Yao very recently.

Aircraft tyres play a critical role in ensuring the safety of aircraft landings. This paper introduces a novel multi-scale analytical method for evaluating tyre impact performance, explicitly studying the effect of damage defects in the manufacturing and service process on tyre landing dynamic performance. Building on this approach, a numerical simulation of aircraft tyre static and impact load scenarios was conducted, followed by experimental validation. The study systematically compares and analyses the effects of void volume fraction, cord volume fraction and material scale factor on the maximum impact force experienced by aircraft tyre. The variations in maximum impact force arising from changes in tyre structural strength, and deformation can be explained by specific parameters. The findings of this research have significant implications for tyre design and engineering, as well as for enhancing the understanding of the factors that influence tyre performance and safety.

The effect dietary FODMAPs (fermentable oligo-, di- and mono-saccharides and polyols) in healthy adults is poorly documented. This study compared specific effects of low and moderate FODMAP intake (relative to typical intake) on the faecal microbiome, participant-reported outcomes and gastrointestinal physiology. In a single-blind cross-over study, 25 healthy participants were randomised to one of two provided diets, ‘low’ (LFD) <4 g/d or ‘moderate’ (MFD) 14-18 g/d, for 3 weeks each, with ≥2-week washout between. Endpoints were assessed in the last week of each diet. The faecal bacterial/archaeal and fungal communities were characterised in 18 participants in whom high quality DNA was extracted by 16S rRNA and ITS2 profiling, and by metagenomic sequencing. There were no differences in gastrointestinal or behavioural symptoms (fatigue, depression, anxiety), or in faecal characteristics and biochemistry (including short-chain fatty acids). Mean colonic transit time (telemetry) was 23 (95% confidence interval: 15, 30) h with the MFD compared with 34 (24, 44) h with LFD (n=12; p=0.009). Fungal diversity (richness) increased in response to MFD, but bacterial richness was reduced, coincident with expansion of the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium, Anaerostipes, and Eubacterium. Metagenomic analysis showed expansion of polyol-utilising Bifidobacteria, and Anaerostipes with MFD. In conclusion, short-term alterations of FODMAP intake are not associated with symptomatic, stool or behavioural manifestations in healthy adults, but remarkable shifts within the bacterial and mycobiome populations were observed. These findings emphasise the need to quantitatively assess all microbial Domains and their interrelationships to improve understanding of consequences of diet on gut function.

Objectives/Goals: This research aims to harness electronic health records (EHR) combined with machine learning (ML) to predict necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants using data up to their first 14 days of life. We aim to provide interpretable results for clinical decisions that can reduce infant mortality rates and complications from NEC. Methods/Study Population: Through a retrospective cohort study using data from the University of Florida Integrated Data Repository and One Florida, we will develop machine learning models suitable for sequential data to predict NEC. Our inclusion criteria include very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500g) infants born <32 weeks gestation and EHR data availability from the first 14 days of life. We will include infants with NEC and infants without NEC to train our ML model. Exclusion criteria include infants diagnosed with spontaneous intestinal perforation and severe congenital anomalies/defects requiring surgery. Results/Anticipated Results: We anticipate that our model will provide an accurate and dynamic prediction for the risk of NEC in neonates using data up to the first 14 days of life. Our model will be interpretable to identify key risk factors and can integrate real-world clinical insights to increase early detection and improve patient outcomes. Discussion/Significance of Impact: The development of a model to predict NEC could be used in neonatal intensive care guidelines and protocols and could ultimately decrease mortality, reduce complications, improve the overall quality of care, and lower healthcare costs associated with NEC.

Objectives/Goals: Knowledge about predictive factors for immune-related endocrinopathies can help identify appropriate populations for specific screening approaches, provide recommendations for ICI therapy selection, guide clinical monitoring strategies to improve patient outcomes, and guide research efforts to provide equitable healthcare for all patients. Methods/Study Population: This is an analysis of the demographic and clinical data available of patients from DiRECT Cohort, a longitudinal study that prospectively follows adult cancer patients who self-identify as Black or White and undergo anti-PD-(L)1 ICI therapy. Endocrinopathies were graded using the CTCAE criteria. Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate the incidence within the first year of treatment. Bivariate analysis (Chi-square and log-rank test) examined the associations between patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and endocrinopathies. Results/Anticipated Results: Among 955 patients, 13.20% developed endocrinopathies of any grade, most commonly hyper-/hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency, and 5.97% were at grade ≥2. Younger age (7.59% in age 30 vs. 4.72% in BMI ≤30, p = 0.022) showed significant associations. No significant difference was found in the incidence of grade ≥2 endocrinopathies by race (13.3 % in White and 10.79% in Black patients, p = 0.732). No association was found with cancer stage or comorbidities. Discussion/Significance of Impact: ICIs can lead to (irAEs). Endocrinopathies are a common type of irAEs, presenting a unique challenge. However, the current literature lacks real-time data and a comprehensive comparative analysis of variables like race. Identifying and understanding these variables ensures equatable access to safe and effective healthcare for all patients.

Objectives/Goals: This research aims to harness electronic health records (EHR) combined with machine learning (ML) to predict necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants using data up to their first 14 days of life. We aim to provide interpretable results for clinical decisions that can reduce infant mortality rates and complications from NEC. Methods/Study Population: Through a retrospective cohort study using data from the University of Florida Integrated Data Repository and One Florida, we will develop machine learning models suitable for sequential data to predict NEC. Our inclusion criteria include very low birth weight (VLBW; < 1500g) infants born < 32 weeks gestation and EHR data availability from the first 14 days of life. We will include infants with NEC and infants without NEC to train our ML model. Exclusion criteria include infants diagnosed with spontaneous intestinal perforation and severe congenital anomalies/defects requiring surgery. Results/Anticipated Results: We anticipate that our model will provide an accurate and dynamic prediction for the risk of NEC in neonates using data up to the first 14 days of life. Our model will be interpretable to identify key risk factors and can integrate real-world clinical insights to increase early detection and improve patient outcomes. Discussion/Significance of Impact: The development of a model to predict NEC could be used in neonatal intensive care guidelines and protocols and could ultimately decrease mortality, reduce complications, improve the overall quality of care, and lower healthcare costs associated with NEC.