Chapter 5 continues the overview through a different analytical lens. It investigates the EU’s toolbox, describing and classifying the regulatory tools used by the EU legislature across the different lifestyles. It identifies four main types of interventions: ban and composition requirements, tax and price measures, rules on advertising and promotion and rules on mandatory and voluntary information. Beyond this systematic description and classification, the chapter serves three aims. First, it confronts the regulatory tools used with the stated objectives of EU lifestyle policy, assessing their adequacy and suggesting possible reforms. Second, it highlights the significant regulatory disparities existing between lifestyle risk factors, critically evaluating the justifications for such differential treatment. Third, it shows how health and internal market objectives are intertwined in EU lifestyle policy, generating legal frictions.

When moving from one ECEC service to another, collaborations should include appropriate staff in the new ECEC service where possible. In instances where children are transitioning into preschool from another ECEC service or to a school setting, collaboration with future educators and other staff in the educational context will be critical to support the child and family throughout. Deciding on the school a child will attend can be notably difficult when there are disabilities, developmental delays or neurodivergence, so this chapter will also explore the family’s right to choose, and how ECEC services can both advocate for the child but also work to empower families to advocate for their child’s rights. In addition, this chapter will provide some practical strategies to support children to transition out of the ECEC service and into new settings in a more seamless and integrated way.

The Introduction sets out the question and the scope of this book, and its theoretical and methodological framework. Drawing on historical materialism, it explains the anti-fetishist understanding of information taken by this book, which treats information as embedded in and constitutive of social relations and implicated in the distribution of power and order-making. Based on this historical materialist understanding of information, the Introduction sets out the book’s critique on the liberal treatment of information and its main argument that human rights and free trade have jointly and dialectically formed a hegemonic conceptual framework for the governance of information under international law which obscures the crucial material dimension of information and its connection to power.

Human rights were not absent in the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference). The Stockholm Conference’s preparatory works, the participants’ statements, and the 1972 Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment all exhibit elements of a human rights-based approach. However, the legal arrangements on chemicals and wastes concluded in the decades that followed did not articulate principles of transparency, participation, and accountability for the realization of the right of every person to a non-toxic environment. Despite the progress that these agreements signify, they have not reversed the grave toxification of the planet and its people, nor have they achieved the global goals on chemicals and wastes management. Moving forward, international environmental law should change trajectory and embrace the human rights-based approach already apparent in the principles of the Stockholm Conference in order to secure the full realization of the human right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment.

The Epilogue draws out the broader implications for the rise of the Atlantic world in the early modern public sphere, demonstrating, first, that what happened in and across the ocean mattered to people at home, and, second, why managing news became a concern for authorities who gradually lost their information monopoly regarding developments across the Atlantic. It reflects on the historiographical repercussions for the fields of Atlantic history and the history of news – making fresh connections to the transoceanic exchange of people, commodities, values, and ideas.

This book argues that news, as a transatlantic commodity, was just as valuable as sugar, tobacco, or cotton. It does so by focusing on news reports and storylines from the Atlantic world in printed newspapers, and the ways in which metropolitan and colonial authorities subsequently managed public communications. The book investigates how newspapers – ‘new media’ at the time – covered distant but urgent transoceanic conflicts with a weekly periodicity, using primary sources from Atlantic societies like Spain, Portugal, France, the Low Countries, and the British Isles, from so-called second-row Atlantic states such as Italy and the Holy Roman Empire that do not currently feature in the field’s predominant discourse of empire, and from emerging colonial societies in North and South America. It reveals the idiosyncratic rhythm of communications in the Atlantic world, which challenged news writers to navigate judiciously between speculation and confirmation, and demonstrates that the circulation of information was underlying all other transatlantic exchanges – of people, commodities, values, and ideas – that have been the staple of Atlantic history.

This chapter examines how achievement books produced by Egyptian state institutions have narrated and re-narrated the 1952 revolution. These books were centrally published by the Information Department, a crucial yet seldom studied organ in the emerging Ministry of Culture and National Guidance, as well as public relations units across different ministries. After a brief institutional history of the Ministry of Culture and National Guidance as a whole, in which I demonstrate how ‘culture’ and ‘media’ were originally intertwined in administrative terms, I argue that the state’s achievements were narrated according to a changing conception of the revolution between 1954 and 1970. This rhetoric cemented a distinctive version of history among Egyptian bureaucrats, in which long lists of achievements came to articulate the bureaucratic corps’ contributions to the revolution. Moreover, it aimed to counter colonial propaganda via a systematic presentation of ‘the true Egypt’ in numerous European languages. In short, achievement books recorded, disseminated, and embodied the revolution’s accomplishments for a domestic and an international audience.

Trade and finance together formed the third-largest livelihood type in colonial India. These two activities were interdependent because banks and moneylenders mainly financed commodity trade. The combined share of the two activities rose significantly in national income in the early twentieth century. Behind this growth, the expansion of transport infrastructure and an open economy with few barriers to foreign trade were responsible. It was not, however, a business without friction. A great deal of the historical scholarship around these activities asks how environmental risks, information asymmetry, law and politics shaped the decisions of merchants, lenders and firms, as this chapter shows.

This introductory chapter defines data science as a field focused on collecting, storing, and processing data to derive meaningful insights for decision-making. It explores data science applications across diverse sectors including finance, healthcare, politics, public policy, urban planning, education, and libraries. The chapter examines how data science relates to statistics, computer science, engineering, business analytics, and information science, while introducing computational thinking as a fundamental skill. It discusses the explosive growth of data (the 3Vs: velocity, volume, variety) and essential skills for data scientists, including statistical knowledge, programming abilities, and data literacy. The chapter concludes by addressing critical ethical concerns around privacy, bias, and fairness in data science practice.

This chapter provides for a summary overview of some of the great movements in economic science. We discuss theory falsification and the historical role of the observable in economics. We provide for a brief overview of behavioural and experimental economics, as well as computational and neuroeconomics. We conclude the chapter with some ideas on the value of information in the price process.